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Martin Jaroš - život obyčejného poddaného z Kročehlav

100%

Doležal O.

Národopisný věstník

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2009

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vol. 26_(68)

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issue 2

9-14

EN

The paper introduces the life of an ordinary villein Martin Jaroš who lived in the village of Kročehlavy. The description of his life story is based on a land register (started in 1607), which shows the potential of this kind of source to bear evidence of people’s lives. The land register does not provide any information about the childhood of Martin Jaroš, but it describes his adult life in detail. It discloses the fact that he acquired his surname Jaroš together with a homestead which he bought in 1584. Before that, his name was probably Němec. This homestead was the largest in the village, which might have been the reason why he did not manage to pay it off. In the year 1618 he left it to his son Jiří and took possession of an inn. He kept it until 1626 when he retired. He died probably between the years 1628-1629. In addition, we know about his four sons and his brother Václav. The author tries to show how valuable the information from a land register can be for the reconstruction of the life story of an ordinary villein.

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Hmotná kultura a projevy mentality venkovské společnosti (Jižní Čechy, 17.-18. století)

75%

Grulich J., Matlas P.

Český lid: etnologický časopis (Český lid: Ethnological journal)

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2009

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vol. 96

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issue 1

1-34

EN

The text focuses on the problem of the material culture of the village in the seventeenth and eighteenth century. However, the main goal was not to reconstruct the complete material furnishings of the village homestead. This represents just one of the possible ways for approaching the inner spiritual life of the village population. The text is based on the empirical research of the archival sources. The archival information was subsequently confronted with the results of older scientific works with the same objectives. The text is composed as a case study based on the sources coming from four dominions of South Bohemia (Třeboň, Hluboká nad Vltavou, Protivín and Orlík nad Vltavou). As a main point of departure from the point of view of the heuristic were used inheritance inventories, supplemented by documents from the area of criminal law. From the point of view of the method, the work can be classified as microhistory. It makes use especially of the reflexive approaches of historical anthropology; in the realm of theory, it draws upon the “history from below” concepts. Even though the text is not apurely regional study, the authors do not aim to generalizations in the first place. They are well aware of the fact that the validity of some partial information cannot be carried over mechanically to other ethnographical areas.

3

Pańszczyzna i przemoc. Historie literackie i wspomnieniowe z XIX wieku

71%

Tomczok P.

Praktyka Teoretyczna

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2017

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vol. 23

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issue 1

237-266

EN

This article presents a model of villein-inflicted violence on the basis of 19th century realist novels and the peasant memory of the experience of serfdom. This article brings two disparate bodies of literature together in order to bring to light continuities in the relationship of work and violence across serfdom and capitalism in 19th century Poland. First, the article examines a number of realist novels which do not directly address serfdom amongst its central themes and thus, the representation of villein (serfdom) violence has to be sought at the borders of the world inhabited by the work’s protagonists, usually from the perspective of privileged classes. As such, the problem of serfdom is visible only indirectly, in the form of short fragments of well-known novels. At the same time, these works assume the obviousness of violence against peasants. This article offers an analysis of Polish realist tradition of fiction writing in order to demonstrate how the very social standing of protagonists is maintained at the expense of the people doing physical labor. Second, the article examines descriptions of this violence in the memoirs of peasants, and further offers an analysis of two such examples of the suppression of peasant revolt through physical violence. Deprived of all hope and agency, victims were left only to submit to the coercion of work in total resignation. Bringing these two bodies of literature together reveals the nexus of work and violence which, instead of disappearing with the abolition of villein (serfdom), emerged in the form of new capitalist relationships defined by inequalities between the capitalist and the proletarian.

PL

Artykułu przedstawia model przemocy pańszczyźnianej, który można skonstruować na podstawie fragmentów dziewiętnastowiecznych powieści oraz wspomnień chłopów pamiętających doświadczenie pańszczyzny. Powieść realistyczna nie podejmuje bezpośrednio zagadnienia pańszczyzny jako głównego tematu przedstawienia, dlatego też reprezentacji przemocy pańszczyźnianej należy szukać na granicy świata głównych bohaterów, zwykle wywodzących się z klas uprzywilejowanych. Te krótkie fragmenty znanych powieści pokazują oczywistość przemocy wobec chłopów. Przemoc stanowi tu sposób utrzymania własnej pozycji społecznej, a jednocześnie poniżenia osób wykonujących pracę fizyczną. W tekstach wspomnieniowych można natomiast znaleźć opisy sposobu oddziaływania przemocy na chłopów. Analizuję dwa przykłady tłumienia chłopskiego buntu z wykorzystaniem przemocy fizycznej doprowadzającej ofiary do stanu bliskiego śmierci. Pozostawionych przy życiu chłopów pozbawiono wszelkiej nadziei i aktywności, by z rezygnacją pogodzili się z przymusem pracy. Ten schemat powiązania pracy i przemocy nie znika wraz ze zniesieniem pańszczyzny, gdyż nowe stosunki kapitalistyczne podtrzymują nierówność między kapitalistą a proletariuszem.

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1 Národopisný věstník

1 Praktyka Teoretyczna

1 Český lid: etnologický časopis (Český lid: Ethnological journal)

1 2017

2 2009

1 Doležal O.

1 Grulich J.

1 Matlas P.

1 Tomczok P.

Martin Jaroš - život obyčejného poddaného z Kročehlav

Hmotná kultura a projevy mentality venkovské společnosti (Jižní Čechy, 17.-18. století)

Pańszczyzna i przemoc. Historie literackie i wspomnieniowe z XIX wieku