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EN
The article contains the information about diagnostic and functional differences between people blind from the birth and who lost sight during their lives. There are also described some functional consequentions of visual disability. The basic aim of the article is showing the psychological, social and physical situation of a blind person. The author uses examples from life of a particular person in a context of the process of adaption to disability (a case study).
PL
A young person's perception of his past, present, and future life is shaped during his adolescence. The potential/prospective self of an adolescent includes his ideas and plans concerning his future life and, therefore, constitutes an important source of his motives for activity and development. This paper presents results of its author's own research on the ways in which adolescents with visual disability receiving special education in the Silesian Voivodship perceive their own future lives. The theoretical part of the paper contains an analysis of the concept of self-perception and related concepts. Special attention is paid to defining different kinds of self-perception, analyzing their functions, and indicating factors that determine their development during adolescence. An overview of selected pieces of research on the self-image of the blind and visually impaired people allowed a description of the influence of self-perception on social and personal functioning of adolescents with visual disability.
EN
The analyses presented in the article aim to investigate the specific nature of visual problems in a young child whose visual disability results from a brain tumor. The article presents a case study on difficulties in using vision and visual perception development in an almost 4-year-old boy with a brain tumor. It refers to knowledge concerning visual problems in children with brain tumors that is available in source materials and presents a detailed description of difficulties in visual reception and perception in a boy whose visual problems result from cancer. This description was made based on the results of a functional vision assessment. Decreased visual acuity, reduced visual fields, abnormalities in the development of oculomotor functions, lack of spatial vision, and difficulties in visual perception were found in the boy. Both the analysis of medical literature presented in the paper and the results of the boy's functional vision assessment suggest possible development of visual functioning disorders secondary to a brain tumor, such as decreased visual acuity and reduced visual fields, which determine visual abilities and have an adverse impact on the development of visual perception in early life. Based on the analysis of an individual situation, the description of difficulties in visual functioning suggests there is a risk of similar impairments in children with brain tumors.
PL
People with visual disabilities acquire knowledge about the surrounding space using other strategies than sighted people. The final stage of gathering this information is independent movement in space as well as the ability to describe it.The aim of the article is to present ways of experiencing space by blind people and strategies to build mental maps in their minds and to present knowledge about space by creating a description of it.The article also presents the results of research on the description of space by blind children in early school age.
PL
Kamila Miler-Zdanowska, Echolocation, as a method supporting spatial orientation and independent movement of people with visual impairment. Interdisciplinary Contexts of Special Pedagogy, no. 25, Poznań 2019. Pp. 353-371. Adam MickiewiczUniversity Press. ISSN 2300-391X. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14746/ikps.2019.25.15 People with visual impairment use information from other senses to gain knowledge about the world around them. More and more studies conducted withthe participation of visually impaired people indicate that data obtained through auditory perception is extremely important. In this context, the ability of echolocation used by blind people to move independently is interesting. The aim of the article is to present echolocation as a method supporting spatial orientation of people with visual impairment. The article presents the results of empirical studies of echolocation. It also presents the benefits of using this ability in everyday life and signals research projects related to the methodology of teaching echolocation in Poland. People with visually impaired to get knowledge about the world around them use information from other senses. Many studies conducted with the participation of visually impaired people indicate that data obtained through hearing are extremely important. In this context, the ability of echolocation used by blind people to move independently is interesting. The aim of the article is to present echolocation as a method supporting spatial orientation of people with visual disabilities. The article presents the results of empirical studies on echolocation. It also presents the benefits of using this skill in everyday life and signals research projects on themethodology of teaching echolocation in Poland.
EN
The fast development of electronic and information technology makes them becoming present in the lives of the blind and visually impaired people. The aim of this article is to present ways of mobility people with visual impairment to the use on a new technologies in particular. The article contains the classification and characteristics of electronic aids used in spatial orientation and mobility blind people. It also presents the benefits and difficulties of using this type of new technologies. The article presenting research projects related to construction and testing of new technological solutions in Poland.
PL
The fast development of electronic and information technologies makes them becoming ever more present in the lives of the blind and visually impaired people. The aim of this article is to present modes of mobility of people with visual impairment, with particular focus on new technologies. The article contains the classification and characteristics of electronic aids used in spatial orientation and mobility for blind people. It also presents the benefits and difficulties of using these types of new technologies. The article presents research projects related to the construction and testing of new technical solutions in Poland.
EN
Perception of Quality of Life in the Psychosocial Space of Higher Education by Students with Visual Impairment
EN
Becoming blind in adulthood, which is a serious permanent disability, is considered to be a critical life event that lowers a person’s well-being and increases the need for social support. The effectiveness of support depends on many interrelated factors, among which the following are of fundamental importance: the nature of the problems experienced, individual traits of the person with acquired blindness and social networks’ characteristics. Effective support facilitates the process of adaption to vision loss as well as prevents mental disorders and a permanent deterioration of the quality of life. Lack of or inadequate social support as well as support that is not adapted to the current needs and capabilities of the person losing his or her vision in terms of its scope and type has a negative impact on the coping process. This article’s purpose is to review and analyze selected research on relationships between various aspects of social support - emotional and tangible support in particular – and adaptation to vision loss in adulthood. It presents studies whose findings have high application value in designing effective rehabilitation models for adults with acquired blindness and in supporting their family members.
PL
Nabycie w fazie dorosłości poważnej, trwałej niepełnosprawności, jaką jest niewidzenie, uznaje się za krytyczne zdarzenie życiowe, które obniża dobrostan osoby i zwiększa zapotrzebowanie na wsparcie społeczne. Efektywność wsparcia zależy od wielu wzajemnie powiązanych czynników, wśród których zasadnicze znaczenie mają: charakter doświadczanych problemów, indywidualne cechy osoby ociemniałej oraz właściwości sieci społecznych. Skuteczne wsparcie ułatwia proces przystosowania do utraty wzroku oraz zapobiega zaburzeniom psychicznym i trwałemu pogorszeniu jakości życia. Brak lub niedostatek wsparcia społecznego, jak również jego niedostosowanie pod względem zakresu i rodzaju do aktualnych potrzeb i możliwości osoby tracącej wzrok odgrywa negatywną rolę w procesie radzenia sobie. Celem niniejszego artykułu jest dokonanie przeglądu i analizy wybranych badań dotyczących związków zachodzących między różnymi aspektami wsparcia społecznego, zwłaszcza emocjonalnego i instrumentalnego, a adaptacją do utraty wzroku w dorosłości. W tekście zaprezentowano badania, których wyniki mają dużą wartość aplikacyjną dla projektowania efektywnych modeli rehabilitacji dorosłych osób z nabytym niewidzeniem oraz wspomagania członków ich rodzin.
PL
Celem niniejszego artykułu jest przedstawienie wytycznych oraz zaleceń dotyczących kształtowania psychospołecznych warunków pracy osób z różnego rodzaju niepełnosprawnościami. Podstawę opracowanego materiału stanowiły ekspertyzy przeprowadzone na 69. stanowiskach pracy w 15. przedsiębiorstwach pochodzących z branż: przetwórstwa przemysłowego, edukacyjnej, rolniczej, telekomunikacyjnej, a także konsultacje z osobami niepełnosprawnymi oraz osobami związanymi ze środowiskami pracującymi na rzecz tych osób i analiza istniejących opracowań i badań dotyczących problematyki niepełnosprawności. Brano pod uwagę następujące psychospołeczne aspekty środowiska pracy: wymagania psychologiczne pracy, możliwość sprawowania kontroli nad procesem pracy, wsparcie społeczne w pracy oraz możliwość kształtowania i rozwijania kariery zawodowej przez pracownika. Uwzględniono także te aspekty organizacji pracy, które wynikają z Ustawy o rehabilitacji zawodowej i społecznej oraz zatrudnianiu osób niepełnosprawnych z dnia 27 sierpnia 1997 r. wraz z jej dalszymi zmianami. Omówione w artykule wytyczne i zalecenia dotyczące przystosowania środowiska pracy skierowane są do osób z niepełnosprawnością ruchu, wzroku oraz słuchu, niepełnosprawnością wynikającą z różnych chorób, ale w szczególności osób z niepełnosprawnością psychiczną oraz intelektualną.
EN
The purpose of this article is to provide guidelines and recommendations for the development of psychosocial working conditions for people with different types of disabilities. The basis of the developed material were conducted at 69 stations in the 15 companies from the following industries: manufacturing, education, agriculture, telecommunications. The basis of the developed guidelines and recommendations were also consultation with persons with disabilities and persons associated with communities working for these people, as well as analysis of existing studies and research relating to disability issues. The following aspects of the psychosocial work environment were taken into account: psychological demands of work, control over work, social support at work and the opportunity for careers’ development. Also takes into account those aspects of the organization of work, which result from the Act on Vocational and Social Rehabilitation and the Employment of Persons with Disabilities on 27 August 1997, together with its further amendments. Presented in the paper guidelines and recommendations for adapting the work environment are addressed to people with the following disabilities: motor, sight and hearing disabilities, but especially for people with mental and intellectual disabilities.
PL
Sytuacja osób niepełnosprawnych, a szczególnie niepełnosprawnych kobiet, na przestrzeni dziejów ludzkości była niejednoznaczna oraz wysoce zróżnicowana, tak w kwestii prezentowanych postaw społecznych, jak i uznania prawa do aktywnego udziału w życiu społecznym, samorealizacji zawodowej oraz osobistej. Czasy obecne, mimo postulowania równouprawnienia osób z niepełnosprawnością we wszystkich możliwych sferach funkcjonowania i niczym nieograniczonej dostępności do dóbr nauki, kultury, edukacji i zatrudnienia stawiają osoby niepełnosprawne, chociażby z racji obecnych konsekwencji niepełnosprawności, w pozycji mniejszych szans i ograniczeń na realizację indywidualnych planów oraz spełnianie wyzwań stawianych przez czasy współczesne i siebie samego. Stąd w treści danego artykułu podjęto próbę wyjaśnienia istniejącej niskiej aktywności niepełnosprawnych wzrokowo kobiet w kwestii angażowania się w życie społeczne i zawodowe
EN
The situation of disabled people, and especially disabled women, was ambiguous over the centuries and highly diversified, both in the social attitudes towards them, as in the recognition for their active participation in social life, and the ability to achieve professional and personal self-fulfillment. Current times, despite the postulate of equal-rights for disabled people in every possible sphere of life and unrestricted access to knowledge, culture, education and employment, put disabled people, just because of the consequences of disability, in the position of lesser chances and limitations for realization of their individual plans, and achieving goals established by today’s society and themselves. Because of that the article undertakes an attempt to explain the existing minimal activity of visually impaired women in the light of their commitment to social and professional life.
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