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Dekonštrukcia anhedónie ako psychopatologického symptomu

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Patarák M., Pečeňák J.

Československá psychologie (Czechoslovak Psychology)

2020

vol. 64

issue 3

321-330

a traditionally used psychopathological symptom in the context of new findings published in the literature is described. Anhedonia is defined as a symptom in psychopathology that is primarily a part of depressive syndrome and is defined as an inability to feel pleasure. Théodul Ribot introduced the term into the scientific literature at the end of the 19th century. The term anhedonia appears only rarely among the criteria in the official classification of psychiatric disorders but it is nevertheless often mentioned in clinical and pre-clinical research publications. Research works evaluating anhedonia are coming mainly from the field of affective disorders, schizophrenia, personality disorders and addictions. Preclinical research and application of newer methods in human and animal research have led to the identification of various components of positive hedonic experience (reward) at the level of neuronal circuits and neurotransmitter systems. New concepts such as liking and wanting, consummatory and anticipatory anhedonia have been introduced, extending and refining the traditional understanding of this symptom but not yet adopted in clinical practice. Based on the synthesis of current knowledge, the authors propose a framework for applying new findings and definitions to psychopathological consideration of anhedonia as presented in different mental disorders.

V práci je opísaný vývoj pojmu anhedónia ako tradične užívaného psychopatologického symptómu v kontexte s novými poznatkami publikovanými v odbornej literatúre. Anhedónia je v rámci psychopatológie vymedzená ako symptóm, ktorý je predovšetkým súčasťou depresívneho syndrómu a opisuje sa ako neschopnosť pociťovať radosť. Do odbornej literatúry zaviedol tento termín Théodul Ribot na konci 19. storočia. Samotný pojem anhedónia sa v texte oficiálnych klasifikácií psychických porúch vyskytuje už len ojedinele, no napriek tomu je často uvádzaný v publikáciách z klinického aj predklinického výskumu. Sú to predovšetkým práce z oblasti afektívnych porúch, schizofrénie, porúch osobnosti a závislostí. Vyvinulo sa viacero hodnotiacich prostriedkov, ktoré umožňujú kvantifikáciu hedonického prežívania. Aplikácia novších metód viedla k identifikácii rôznych zložiek pozitívneho prežívania (odmeny) charakterizovaných rozdielnou aktivitou v špecifických neuronálnych okruhoch a neurotransmiterových systémoch. Postupne sa obsah pojmu anhedónia od originálneho opisu odchyľoval a rozvíjal. Zaviedli sa nové termíny ako liking a wanting, konzumačná a anticipačná anhedónia, ktoré podstatným spôsobom rozširujú a upresňujú tradičné chápanie tohto symptómu, no ešte nie sú osvojené v klinickej praxi. Na základe syntézy súčasných poznatkov navrhujú autori rámec, ako aplikovať nové zistenia a definície psychopatologickej analýzy anhedónie pri rôznych psychických poruchách.

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58%

Karpiński M.

Analiza i Egzystencja. Czasopismo Filozoficzne

2017

vol. 38

109-129

The will, widely understood, is a lack of indifference – a turn to (a wanting-desire) or from (a negative wanting, hate) some thing: an attraction or a repulsion – both in the literal meaning (a physical force) and any metaphoric meaning. As the relation between a subject and an object, the will is a specific case of the existence, that is to say a relation of the structure: A exists for B, where A, in some way, acts for B. In the case of the will, the existence-influence depends on an attraction (A exists for B as wanted-desired) or a repulsion (A exists for B as wanted in negative way, hated). The categorical will is a wanting (desire or hate) focused on some thing due to it. The instrumental will is a wanting (desire or hate) focused on some thing as an instrument for the satisfaction of the other will; it (instrumental will) occurs always together with some categorical will, which is the cause of that instrumental will. The willpower is the sum of values of advantages (with the plus sign) and disadvantages (with the minus sign) of the object on which the will is focused. The satisfaction of the will leads to the vanishing of the relation between a subject and an object, and – consequently – to the vanishing of members of that relation (by their unification, in the case when a wanting-desire is satisfied, or isolation, in the case of the satisfaction of a negative wanting, hate). The free will is a type of an accidental will, being a creative act (decision) of a subject. The unfree will may be necessary, when it must exist, or accidental, when it can, but does not has to exist. The Meaning of a concrete subject is its axiological justification, essence (proper identity), vocation and fulfillment (final aim). The boredom is a necessary and a categorical wanting-desire of the Meaning. The factors of the boredom are the power of a wanting-desire of the Meaning and the interval of time, when a wantingdesire is unsatisfied. The overcoming of the boredom is a satisfied wanting-desire of the Meaning.

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1 Analiza i Egzystencja. Czasopismo Filozoficzne

1 Československá psychologie (Czechoslovak Psychology)

1 2020

1 2017

1 Karpiński M.

1 Patarák M.

1 Pečeňák J.

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Dekonštrukcia anhedónie ako psychopatologického symptomu

Nuda jako wola