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EN
In this study the author concentrates on several heretofore relatively less-studied topics from the period of postwar reconstruction of the Czechoslovak economy. The focal point of the research is on the period immediately following the country’s liberation; that is, roughly from May until July 1945. The renewal of the economy was complicated by the need to immediately, and in parallel, solve many problems which would otherwise have had to be taken one by one. It was necessary to master a situation that was near to chaos, and doing so was also a political task of the utmost importance. The most pressing issues were reconstruction of the transportation infrastructure, supplying materials and fuel for renewing manufacturing, and providing for functional transportation, construction and specialized engineering technology. At the same time, processes were taking place to prepare for the complex renewal of the national economy, which later became the content of a two-year plan. The structure of the mechanisms for the new economic policy was given shape, and a great degree of nationalization, or, to be more precise, socialization was planned for in industry and banking.
EN
The essay describes the Polish episode in the 1918–20 influenza pandemic, situating the occurrence in the European and international context, and covering some relevant research issues. The topic is introduced by a brief discussion of the most recent hypotheses regarding the genesis of the pandemic and how it related to the World War in its declining phase. The core section, discussing the situation in Poland, begins with a description of the civilisation crisis caused by the frontline recurring across the country and the policies pursued by the occupational powers and the tough sanitary conditions implied by these developments. A survey of accessible sources is preceded by an outlined reconstruction of the course of the epidemic in various areas of the country, delineation of its timeframe, description of the symptoms and of the responses to the disease, attempts made to prevent its dissemination, and treatment methods in use at the time. The author seeks to determine the basic figures such as the morbidity and mortality rates, as compared against the data available for the other countries. In conclusion, considered are the presumed reasons behind the disappearance of the ‘Spanish flu’ epidemic experience from Polish collective memory.
EN
The liberation of the Maków Mazowiecki district began a new period in its history – it was the period of reconstruction and the socio- economic development. The Maków Mazowiecki county was one of the most damaged counties in the Warsaw province. The liberation of this county caused its great rebuilt and the reconstruction process as well as the reconstruction of the local government authorities. The war losses were rebuilt soon as a result of the great efforts of the inhabitants, villagers and the state aid. A large increase in agricultural production also took place. The number of smaller industrial plants, service establishments and food cooperatives gradually increased. The backlog in road infrastructure was also being made up slowly. The health and felting centers have been established as well as the hospital in Maków Mazowiecki. In order to eliminate illiteracy, the network of primary and secondary schools were set up. Along with the development of education in Maków Mazowiecki district, also culture and sport highly developed in this area.
PL
Wyzwolenie powiatu makowskiego rozpoczęło nowy okres w jego historii, okres odbudowy i rozwoju społeczno-gospodarczego. Powiat makowski należał do najbardziej zniszczonych powiatów w województwie warszawskim. Wraz z wyzwoleniem powiatu rozpoczął się proces odbudowy i organizacji organów władz samorządowych. W wyniku dużego wysiłku mieszkańców wsi oraz wyraźnej pomocy państwa szybko odrobione zostały straty wojenne i dokonał się duży postęp w produkcji rolnej. Stopniowo zwiększała się liczba mniejszych zakładów przemysłowych i usługowych oraz spółdzielni spożywczych. Powoli odrabiano też zaległości w infrastrukturze drogowej. W ramach opieki medycznej utworzono ośrodki zdrowia i punkty felczerskie oraz otwarto szpital w Makowie. W celu likwidacji analfabetyzmu przystąpiono do stworzenia sieci szkół podstawowych i średnich. Wraz z rozwojem oświaty rozwijała się też makowska kultura i sport.
EN
The expansion of the Russian army in the area of East Prussia during World War I caused damage to an unprecedented extent. The damage affected 35 towns and 900 rural communities. Numerous church buildings which belonged to the Warmia Diocese suffered as a result of military actions and plundering. Substantial losses were noted with regard to Catholic churches in Krosno, Szczytno, Ełk and Bilderweitschen. The effects of hostilities around religious buildings in Kobułty, Olsztynek and Klon, as well as the mission house in Pisz, were also noted. Presbyteries in Gołdap, Opaleniec, Bilderweitschen, a house for retired priests in Krosno, as well as parish houses in Szczytno and Gryźliny, were burned. Safe deposit boxes and church money boxes were ransacked and emptied. The plundering of church and parish buildings, as well as the confiscation of chattels and livestock were common. Money exchange rates were unfavourable for the conquered nation, which led to the forced sale of produce to the occupier at lowered prices. The produce came from local farms, including parish farms. Both German military troops and the enemy’s armed forces were responsible for the financial losses which affected church buildings of the Warmia Diocese. The local populace also participated in acts of plundering more than once. The reconstruction of the destroyed buildings began immediately after the Russian army left East Prussia.
PL
Ekspansja wojsk rosyjskich na obszary Prus Wschodnich w czasie pierwszej wojny światowej spowodowała zniszczenia na niespotykaną dotąd skalę. Dotknęły one 35 miast i 900 gmin wiejskich. Wśród nich znalazło się wiele budynków kościelnych należących do diecezji warmińskiej, które ucierpiały wskutek działań militarnych oraz grabieży. Znaczne szkody odnotowano przy świątyniach katolickich w Krośnie, Szczytnie, Ełku i Bilderweitschen. Ślady działań wojennych stwierdzono również przy obiektach sakralnych w Kobułtach, Olsztynku, Klonie, a także przy domu misyjnym w Piszu. Spłonęły plebanie w Gołdapi, Opaleńcu, Bilderweitschen, dom księży emerytów w Krośnie oraz budynki parafialne w Szczytnie i Gryźlinach. Włamywano się i opróżniano sejfy oraz skarbony kościelne. Powszechnym zjawiskiem było plądrowanie budynków sakralnych, jak i parafialnych, konfiskata obiektów ruchomych oraz żywego inwentarza. Stosowano niekorzystny dla podbitej ludności kurs wymiany pieniężnej, wskutek czego wymuszano sprzedaż płodów rolnych na rzecz okupanta po zaniżonej cenie. Pochodziły one z gospodarstw rolnych, w tym również parafialnych. Odpowiedzialność za straty materialne przy budynkach kościelnych diecezji warmińskiej spoczywała zarówno na niemieckich jednostkach militarnych, jak też siłach zbrojnych nieprzyjaciela. W grabieżach niejednokrotnie brało udział miejscowe pospólstwo. Odbudowa zniszczonych obiektów rozpoczęła się bezpośrednio po opuszczeniu przez wojska rosyjskie Prus Wschodnich.
EN
Research on the economy of the Polish‑Lithuanian Commonwealth usually follows one of two paths: searching for the genesis of the crisis of the farm and serf economy or estimating the scale of war damage. Is it possible to join these two paths and present a complex model of the functioning of local communities during the crisis? Can it be used in the field of the rescue history?
EN
The article is focused on process of the creating of the Central Military Library's resource over 100 years, since 1919 when the Library was established, with particular emphasis on both, war losses of the years 1939-1945, and the issue of rebuilding the resource after World War against the background of the Polish Peoples Republic's reality.
PL
Artykuł poświęcony jest kształtowaniu zasobu Centralnej Biblioteki Wojskowej na przestrzeni 100 lat, od momentu powołania Biblioteki w roku 1919, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem strat wojennych z lat 1939-1945, a także problematyce odbudowy zasobu po II wojnie światowej w realiach PRL.
PL
W okresie II wojny światowej cały obszar Polski dwukrotnie stał się terenem działań wojennych, które odcisnęły swoje negatywne piętno na życiu ludności. Równie duże, a nawet większe straty spowodowała wroga okupacja. Wskaźnik zniszczeń na 1 mieszkańca był w Polsce najwyższy na świecie. Polityka rabunkowa przyczyniła się do nadmiernej eksploatacji krajowych zasobów, dochodu społecznego i majątku narodowego. Sytuacja rolnictwa na terenie województwa krakowskiego po II wojnie światowej była bardzo trudna, zwłaszcza w obszarze pasa przyfrontowego. Szkody wyrządzone przez okupanta niemieckiego miały wielostronny charakter. Ucierpiała produkcja roślinna, zwierzęca, gospodarstwa rolne. Poprzez budowę schronów, poligonów, okopów i bunkrów zniszczono duże powierzchnie ziemi ornej i zasiewów. Pola były zaminowane, zachwaszczone, wyjałowione. Ziemia leżała odłogiem. Brakowało zwierząt pociągowych i rzeźnych. Wywieziono zwierzęta zarodowe. Niszczono domy, budynki gospodarcze, maszyny i narzędzia rolnicze. Poważnym problemem była dewastacja drzewostanu w lasach. Rozmiary szkód i zniszczeń powiększyły oddziały Armii Czerwonej, niszcząc, grabiąc, plądrując i rekwirując różne przedmioty. Przegon zdobycznego bydła oraz wypas stada zbożem chlebowym doprowadził do ograniczenia zapasów paszy i żywności dla miejscowej ludności. Za pomocą granatów zdewastowano stan zarybienia w rzekach i stawach. Wszystko to wpłynęło na katastrofalne położenie materialne ludności wiejskiej oraz na drastyczny spadek produkcji rolniczej. Przed województwem krakowskim stanęło trudne zadanie odbudowy rolnictwa ze zniszczeń wojennych.
EN
During World War II, the entire Polish territory twice became a war zone, bearing heavy consequences. Equal or even greater losses were caused by the hostile occupation. When calculating on a per-capita basis, the destruction rate in Poland was the highest in the world. The politics of plunder contributed to the excessive exploitation of domestic resources, social income and national heritage. The situation of agriculture in the Krakow Province after World War II was very difficult, especially in the front-line areas. The damage caused by the German occupier was of a wide-ranging nature. Plant and animal production, farms suffered. By building pillboxes, training grounds, trenches and bunkers, large areas of arable land and sown crops were destroyed. The fields were mined, weed strewn, and impoverished. The soil lay fallow. There were neither draft or slaughter animals. Breeding animals were transported away. Houses, outbuildings, agricultural machinery and tools were destroyed . Devastation of the forest stands was a serious problem. Most damage and destruction was caused by Soviet troops destroying, looting, plundering and requisitioning various items. Captured cattle driven off and herd grazing with bread grain led to a reduction in the supply of feedstuff and food for the local population. With the help of grenades, the state of stock in rivers and standing water was devastated. All these affected the disastrous material situation of the rural population and caused a drastic decline in agricultural production. The Krakow Province faced a difficult task of reconstruction of agriculture from war damage.
EN
The content of this article is an introduction to a wider spectrum of the issues related to losses of life and material things the Diocese of Lublin suffered after the First World War. The article focuses on two major issues related fi rstly to the reconstruction of destroyed parish churches in the Diocese of Lublin in the postwar period and using for this purpose state subsidies and funds from the contributions of the parishioners; and secondly, related to the dynamics and intensity of the construction of new parish churches at that time. The rebuilding of churches and buildings connected with them was a priority in the fi eld of renovation and construction projects after World War I. The matter of less importance was to initiate the construction of new churches, erected mainly at the expense of parishioners, rarely with the use of state subsidies. In the 1930s the movement of building parish churches intensifi ed. It was, however, a short-lived process, interrupted by the outbreak of another war. The dynamic growth in the number of new churches, observed in a relatively short period of time was caused, among other things, by the use of cheaper and more readily available wood, which resulted in the increase in wooden churches in the interwar period. The concise characterization of building regulations in the context of the construction of parish churches in the postwar period, the same as in the case of other issues, requires further research and in-depth analysis.
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