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Zagrożenia bezpieczeństwa ekologicznego – próba systematyzacji w świetle badanych dokumentów

100%
Ziętarski M.
Studia nad Bezpieczeństwem
|
2020
|
issue 5
185-195
EN
The article presents trends that will determine contemporary challenges and threats to state security. With the development of descriptive works and explanations of non-military security, ecology is becoming a more and more frequently described issue. As regards the limitation of ecological safety, climate change is indicated as one of the key security megatrends in the 21st century. In the article the term determining ecological safety presents the challenges that must be acknowledged and faced in order to effectively create safety.
PL
W niniejszym artykule przedstawiono zagrożenia dla bezpieczeństwa ekologicznego. Cel postawiony przez autora realizowany jest poprzez analizę historyczną dokumentów i raportów zogniskowanych wokół problematyki ekologii. Ważnym zjawiskiem jest rozwój prac opisujących i objaśniających bezpieczeństwo pozamilitarne. W powyższych publikacjach ekologia staje się coraz częściej opisywanym zagadnieniem i wpływa na właściwą – szerszą – optykę na sprawy bezpieczeństwa. O wpływie bezpieczeństwa ekologicznego świadczy fakt, iż zmiany klimatyczne są wskazywane jako jeden z kluczowych megatrendów bezpieczeństwa w XXI wieku. W artykule opisano determinanty bezpieczeństwa ekologicznego, ukazano wyzwania, które należy dostrzec i którym trzeba sprostać, aby skutecznie kreować bezpieczeństwo na wielu poziomach.
2
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Ecological threats to security and state resilience in Afghanistan

99%
Gauster M.
Security and Defence Quarterly
|
2021
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vol. 33
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issue 1
31-40
EN
This work explores ecological and climate-related threats to Afghanistan and discusses support approaches from a European Crisis Management (ECM) perspective. It goes beyond the much-debated troop withdrawal, COVID-19 crisis and peace negotiations and opens an underestimated topic: ‘Climate Change Assistance’. The article aims to advance knowledge on the effects of climate change on human security in Afghanistan and advocates a conflict-sensitive approach. To this end, a climate-related assessment of the human security situation was undertaken and several threat scenarios, options and solutions for enhancing state resilience were developed. The bases for this research were several field trips undertaken by the author since 2004, workshops and an extensive literature review. As a result, it can be stated that the negative impacts of climate change and pollution on Afghanistan’s security and development architecture are massive and make ECM efforts very complex. However, several capacity-building initiatives for military, diplomatic, humanitarian and local stakeholders were identified. On the regional level, this includes the support for early warning systems and hydro-diplomacy with Pakistan, Iran and India. On the local level, the support for community water management and environmental protection matters, while building upon traditional Afghan mechanisms for handling water crises or disasters. Another outcome is the need for more in-depth research in this field as some findings are also useful for other fragile states. The paper argues that there is an urgent need for ECM to respond to the devastating effects of climate change in Afghanistan and identifies several smart opportunities to tackle some root causes of the conflict.
3
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Water Deficit as a Security Threat

85%
Sakson-Boulet A.
Przegląd Strategiczny
|
2016
|
issue 9
239-251
EN
The aim of the article is to explain the key definitions connected with water security and to analyse state relations in the context of water issues. In this context therefore water can be seen to be a precious resource because there it has no substitute. Thus the lack of water security is emerging as one of the major barriers for economic and social growth in developing countries and a source of domestic conflicts. On the other hand, water-related events might result in international cooperation, as Kofi Annan noticed during the celebration of World Water Day: “Fierce national competition over water resources has prompted fears that water issues contain the seeds of violent conflict. [...] If all world’s peoples work together, a secure and sustainable water future can be ours”. What is certain, in the near future any environmental security planning will have to take into consideration the prime issue of water security.
4
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Selected Aspects of Iran’s Hydrological Security

70%
Sakson-Boulet A.
Przegląd Strategiczny
|
2019
|
issue 12
335-350
PL
Celem artykułu jest analiza bezpieczeństwa hydrologicznego Iranu i weryfikacja następującej hipotezy: niski poziom bezpieczeństwa hydrologicznego stanowi jedno z najważniejszych zagrożeń ekologicznych tego państwa. Przy wykorzystaniu metody ilościowej, decyzyjnej i analizy instytucjonalno-prawnej podjęto próbę odpowiedzi na następujące pytania badawcze: (1) jakimi zasobami wodnymi dysponuje Iran i czy obywateli dotykają niedobory tego surowca?; (2) czy zarządzanie wodami podziemnymi, zbiornikami zamkniętymi i rzekami odbywa się w sposób zrównoważony? (3) czy działania irańskich władz zapewniają bezpieczeństwo hydrologiczne państwa? Analizowane w artykule komponenty bezpieczeństwa wodnego Iranu prowadzą do wniosku, że państwo to stoi w obliczu poważnego kryzysu ekologicznego wynikającego z kurczących się zasobów wody słodkiej.
EN
The main objective of this paper is to analyze Iran’s hydrological security and to verify the hypothesis that the low level of Iran’s hydrological security is one of the country’s most important ecological threats. An attempt to answer the following research questions is made using the quantitative method, decision-making method and institutional and legal analysis: (1) what water resources does Iran have, and are citizens suffering from a shortage of water?; (2) is the management of groundwater, closed reservoirs and rivers sustainable?; (3) do the actions of the Iranian authorities safeguard the hydrological security of the state? The analysis of the factors of Iran’s water security carried out in this paper leads to the conclusion that this country is facing a serious ecological crisis resulting from shrinking fresh water resources.
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