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EN
The subject of the analysis is German and Soviet military operations in the southern sector of the eastern front, with a particular emphasis on the role of rivers and the Black Sea, during these operations. The time frame of the paper includes the beginning of Operation Barbarossa, in June 1941, until the capture of the Crimean peninsula by the Wehrmacht, in July 1942. The article begins with an attempt of defining concepts relevant for further study of the issues mentioned in the title. The role of the Black Sea and its watercourses is discussed and the fact that they played a very important role as defensive lines of the Red Army. The German army showed its huge military potential when crossing rivers. Military operations performed at the Black Sea became an integral element of the fights in the southern sector of the eastern front. The means of warfare involved as well as human and material losses may indicate a ruthlessness of the fighting and importance of the Black Sea theatre of war. Efforts and dedication of the both warring sides in the area of the Black Sea made history.
EN
Geographical words referring to water, such as river, stream sea or lake, have been used in language since the earliest. As water is considered essential for life in general, the names of water reservoirs and watercourses became popular and frequently used items in all languages. The present study is focused on the English names of natural water reservoirs (sea, lake) and watercourses (river, stream) and their regional spread in the 12th–15th centuries. The Old English names of watercourses and natural water reservoirs, sӕ, flod and ea, either survived in Middle English in a modified form or were (rarely) replaced by loanwords as the effect of the Norman Conquest of England in the 11th century. The research is concentrated on texts selected from the Innsbruck Corpus of Middle English Prose (Marcus 2008), with some material coming from the OED and MED. The analysis will show the extent of the loss of the original Anglo-Saxon words or their spread, frequently with a modified meaning. The analysis will also include the statistics of the terms in question in prose texts representing the chief dialects of the period. As regards the method, the present author makes use of the traditional semantic theories (e.g. Lyons 1977) and the prototype theory (e.g. Geeraerts 1997).
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