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EN
The text deals with learning to read and write at the initial stage of school education and the role of textbooks in the process of child literacy. The article is of a review nature. The first part shows the psycholinguistic basics of reading and writing and the differences between language systems, conditioning the use of specific methods of learning to read and write. The structure, function and methodical aspects of work with textbooks were described, which was treated as an effective didactic aid and effective form of the child's initiation into the world of writing. In the second part, selected textbooks and the concepts of reading and writing science proposed by their authors are characterized. The traditional approach - didactic and non-evaluative approach - was used to analyze the textbooks. Finally, examples of contemporary Polish, German and one Russian textbook are indicated. The criterion for their selection was the long-term use (nearly half a century) in the first years of school education and the dominance of analytical and synthetic methods in the teaching of reading and writing.
PL
Tekst dotyczy nauki czytania i pisania na początkowym etapie nauczania szkolnegooraz roli elementarzy w procesie alfabetyzacji dziecka. Artykuł ma charakter przeglądowy. W części pierwszej wskazano psycholingwistyczne podstawy czytania i pisania oraz różnice między systemami językowymi, warunkujące zastosowanie określonych metod nauki czytania i pisania. Opisano strukturę, funkcję i metodyczne aspekty pracy z elementarzem, który potraktowany został jako efektywna pomoc dydaktyczna i skuteczna forma inicjacji dziecka w świat pisma. W części drugiej scharakteryzowano wybrane elementarze oraz proponowane przez ich autorów koncepcje nauki czytania i pisania. Do analizy elementarzy zastosowano podejście tradycyjne – dydaktyczne i nieoceniające. Na koniec wskazano przykłady współczesnych elementarzy polskich, niemieckich i jeden rosyjski. Kryterium ich doboru był długoletni okres wykorzystywania (blisko pół wieku) w pierwszych latach nauki szkolnej oraz dominacja metod analityczno-syntetycznych w nauczaniu czytania i pisania.
EN
The article concerns contemporary perspectives on early education, early, emergent and visual literacy, and concepts of the development of cognitive, linguistic, and socio-emotional competencies by using picturebooks in the dialogic reading method. Picturebooks for small children, especially earlyconcept picturebooks, which present nouns, verbs, or adjectives and are aesthetically designed, have a great potential, and are important for the gaining of cognitive, emotional, and visual codes and ideas by the child, especially when they are introduced by an adult (parent at home or teacher in a preschool institution) through an active, dialogic manner of reading. Dialogic reading is shown and described by G.J. Whitehurst and other researchers as an interactive and stimulating method of cognitive and socio-emotional development, which enhances the children’s speaking and reading competencies independently of their class, race, or gender – which is of emancipatory significance. The main aim of the text is to turn the reader’s attention to the significance of interactive reading of precisely selected, high-quality picturebooks by parents and early education teachers in the context of children’s development.
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