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EN
The article discusses the restoration of historical objects as regards the problem of reconstruction of a tow e r and its finial. The problem stems from the conflict between theory and practice in historical object restoration. This conflict exists between the generally maintained principle of preserving a historical art object in its current, authentic shape and the effort towards its supplementation whenever the compactness and integrality of the artistic impression has been distorted. Even though the problem is timeless, the issue became particularly significant during the period of reconstruction after the last war. Tw o questions were considered: which reconstructions are not only tolerated today, but also accepted and considered ap p ro priate and needed, and have our views altered recently. In the iight of these questions a series of architectonic plans were examined, these being from the 19th and 2 0 th cent, from Italy (V en ic e ), Denmark and the northern regions of Germany and Poland. The subject was divided into chapters on the role of the tow e r as an element of the building's structure, its meaning in the interior of a tow n or city, in its outline and landscape. The role of towers is not insignificant, as they occupy an eminent position in the effect of architectonic forms on account of their vertical line and domination over the surroundings. Their loss from the town landscape of which they had been an element is therefore keenly felt by the observer and evokes a desire for recomposition. Aesthetic motivations for reconstruction are accompanied by emotional aspects, often deepened by patriotic feelings, as was the case in Poland after the war. Some of the reconstructions discussed in the article were generally a c cepted, others — such as the reconstruction of the campanile at St M a rk ’s Square in Venice and plans for recreating the church domes in Copenhagen (carried out in the beginning of the 20th cent.) — were heatedly discussed. In one case opponents of reconstruction were victorious (Copenhagen). There was, h ow e ver, a general desire to reconstruct towers and their finials also on the part of the restoration authorities — after the last war (e.g. the churches in Lubeck and the tow n hall in Gdańsk). The reason, apart from the earlier-mentioned motives for recomposition — was the fresh memory of the former appearance of the destroyed objects (whereas the distance of time makes one get used to the altered form) and a greater tendency than before to think in the categories of values of architectonic complexes. The last seems to be also the reason why reconstructions once considered very controversial, are evaluated favourably today.
PL
W artykule przedstawione zostały najważniejsze wyniki badań siedziby pańskiej w Chudowie koło Gliwic (Górny Śląsk), prowadzonych na tym obiekcie od 2001 r. (przede wszystkim w związku z realizowaną w tym czasie częściową rekonstrukcją wczesnonowożytnego zamku i adaptacją jego wieży na cele muzealne). Wykonywane równolegle kwerendy archiwalne, obserwacje architektoniczne, a zwłaszcza prace archeologiczne pozwoliły na rozpoznanie m.in. pozostałości poprzedzającej zamek murowany, a nieznanej wcześniej, XV-wiecznej siedziby rodziny Chudowskich (formalnie wpisującej się w horyzont późnośredniowiecznych założeń typu motte). W tekście przedstawiono ustalenia na temat planu, konstrukcji oraz podstaw datowania tego obiektu, jego funkcjonowania i destrukcji. Omówiono również wyniki badań w kwestii czasu budowy kamienno-ceglanego zamku wiązanego z działalnością Jana Gierałtowskiego. Przedstawiono wcześniejsze koncepcje na temat kształtu i datowania tego założenia, które zweryfikowano w oparciu o rezultaty ostatnich prac archeologicznych. Szczegółowej analizie poddano także zamkową wieżę, której stan zachowania umożliwił określenie jej pierwotnej formy (z czasu jej realizacji około połowy XVI w.) i funkcji. Przedstawione w tekście informacje pozwoliły na ukazanie rozwoju siedziby obronnej w Chudowie w okresie od jej powstania w połowie XV stulecia – kiedy to funkcjonowała w postaci drewnianej wieży otoczonej palisadą – do końca wieku XVI – kiedy zrealizowane zostało renesansowe założenie (otoczone fosą), w którego skład wchodziła kamienno-ceglana wieża i trzy budynki wzniesione wokół niewielkiego centralnego dziedzińca.
EN
The article presents the main results of research of the noble’s seat in Chudów near Gliwice (Upper Silesia), that was conducted since 2001 (mainly in connection with the partial reconstruction of the early-modern castle and the adaptation of its tower for museum purposes). Archival queries, architectural observations, and – in particular – archaeological works, carried out in parallel, have resulted with the discovery of remains of – preceding the stone and brick castle – previously unknown 15th-century seat of the Chudowski family (formally placed in the horizon of late mediaeval residences of motte type). The text presents conclusions about its plan, structure and bases for chronology of construction, functioning and destruction of this object. The article also discusses the results of research in the topic of the origins of the stone and brick castle, associated with the activities of Jan Gierałtowski. It presents earlier concepts of the plan and chronology of it and verifies them basing on the results of recent archaeological works. A detailed analysis was also made of the castle tower, whose state of preservation made it possible to determine its original form (from the time when it was built around the middle of the 16th century) and its function. The data presented in the text allowed showing the development of the private residence in Chudów from its origins in the mid-15th century – when it functioned as a wooden tower surrounded by a palisade – until the end of the 16th century – when the early-modern castle (surrounded by a moat) was completed composed of a stone and brick tower and three buildings constructed around a small central courtyard.
PL
Artykuł ma na celu przedstawienie podstaw źródłowych oraz badawczych, na bazie których opracowano wirtualną rekonstrukcję zamku w Prudniku z przełomu czasów średniowiecza i wczesnej nowożytności. Powstały model jest wzorcem do stworzenia makiety. Ma ona dać wyobrażenie o całości zabudowań zamkowych, z których do dziś przetrwała tylko wieża. W rozważaniach prowadzących do odtworzenia przestrzennej formy architektonicznej autorki korzystają przede wszystkim z najstarszego znanego źródła ikonograficznego – rysunku Friedricha Bernharda Wernera ukazującego zamek od strony północnego wschodu. Istotne w odtworzeniu wizerunku obiektu były także wyniki badań wykopaliskowych przeprowadzonych na terenie nieistniejących zabudowań. Zachowana wieża zamkowa pozwoliła przybliżyć pionowy wymiar założenia. W artykule omówiono także historię i lokalizację obiektu.
EN
The purpose of the article was to show the source and research basics, upon which the virtual reconstruction of Prudnik’s castle, from the turn of Middle Ages and early modern age, was based. The design can be used as a base for a model, which presents the full scope of the castle’s buildings, from which only the tower still exists. To restore the architectural, spatial form, the authors used primarily the oldest, known iconographic source – Friedrich Bernhard Wernher’s drawing, showing the castle from the north-eastern side. Restoration of the image was also possible due to excavation research, which took place on the site of the no longer existing buildings. In addition, the preserved tower helped to estimate the vertical dimension of the object. The history and location of the castle in Prudnik was also covered in the article.
PL
W polskich zbiorach muzealnych znajduje się kilka obiektów wykonanych z korala lub nim zdobionych. Są to między innymi ołtarzyki, kropielnice kielichy, krucyfiksy i inne wyroby liturgiczne. Pochodzą najczęściej z zakupów w podróżach turystycznych Polaków po Włoszech w epoce manieryzmu i baroku. W skarbcu kościoła Mariackiego w Krakowie znajduje się przenośny ołtarzyk koralowy, datowany na połowę XVII w., z daru królowej Marii Józefy, żony króla Augusta III. Ujęty w złoconą ramę i zdobiony emalią oraz koralem, w centrum zamyka stojącą na półksiężycu postać NMP w promienistej koralowej glorii w otoczeniu symboli maryjnych. Jest to apoteoza NMP na podstawie fragmentu Apokalipsy św. Jana Apostoła. Postać Maryi została wyobrażona z atrybutami kosmicznymi: dwunastoma gwiazdami wokół głowy; odziana jest w słoneczną promienistą glorię i ma sierp księżyca pod stopami. Wokół Niej w ukazano siedem symbolicznych znaków biblijnych, łączonych w tradycji egzegetycznej z Jej powołaniem na Matkę Mesjasza. Termin Cedrus exaltata – cedr jest postrzegany jako symbol majestatu, wysokości, wyniosłości, piękna rajskiego, bezpieczeństwa. Fons signatus to zdrój opieczętowany, zamknięty, dostępny tylko dla wybranej przez Boga, Matki Syna Bożego. Hortus conclusus jest symbolem nienaruszonego dziewictwa NMP. Z kolei Oliva speciosa wskazuje na miłosierdzie Maryi, Jej niezwykłą płodność, wewnętrzny pokój, dar uśmierzania cierpienia. Rosa plantata jest metaforą mądrości, miłości, lekarstwa dla grzeszników. Puteus aquarum viventium, studnia wód żywych, wskazuje na pośrednictwo Maryi wobec ludzi odkupionych przez Jezusa. Turris eburnea – wieża z kości słoniowej to kolejny przymiot piękna NMP, nieskazitelności Jej ciała i męstwa.
EN
In Polish museums’ collections there are a few objects made of coral or decorated with it. They are, among others, altars, holy water fonts, crucifixes and other liturgical items. Most often they were bought during Poles’ travels to Italy in the Mannerism and Baroque epochs. In St Mary’s Basilica’s treasury a portable coral altar is kept, dated to the middle of the 17th century, a gift from Maria Józefa, the wife of King August III. It has a golden frame and it is embellished with enamel and coral, and in its center it closes the figure of the Blessed Virgin Mary standing on a crescent, in a radiant coral glory, surrounded by Marian symbols. It is an apotheosis of the Blessed Virgin Mary based on a fragment of the Apocalypse of St John. The figure of Mary is presented with her cosmic attributes: twelve stars around her head; she is clothed with a radiant glory; and she has a crescent under her feet. Around her seven symbolic biblical signs are presented, ones connected in the exegetic tradition with her being the mother of the Messiah. The term Cedrus exaltata – is perceived as the symbol of majesty, sublimity, loftiness, paradisaical beauty, safety. Fons signatus is a sealed spring, a closed one, accessible only to the Mother of God’s Son, chosen by God. Hortus conclusus is the symbol of St Mary’s virginity. Oliva speciosa points to St Mary’s charity, her extraordinary fertility, inner peace, the gift of relieving sufferings. Rosa plantata is a metaphor of wisdom, love, medicine for sinners. Puteus aquarum viventium, a well of living waters, indicates St Mary’s mediation for people redeemed by Jesus. Turris eburnea – the ivory tower is another feature of the Virgin Mary’s beauty, the immaculacy of her body and of her fortitude.
EN
The castle in Janowiec on the Vistula (county of Puławy, voivodeship of Lublin) was erected as a bastion fortress at the beginning of the sixteenth century. Up to the end of the sixteenth century it was the property of great Polish magnate families : the Firlejs, the Lubomirskis and the Tarłos, whose representatives held the highest state offices in prepartition Commonwealth. Expanded and redesigned in the course of three centuries, from the beginning of the nineteenth century the castle turned into a ruin. Its rapid devastation was the result of dismantling and weak construction material – limestone bedstone. In 1975 the castle was purchased by the Vistula Museum in Kazimierz Dolny, which initiated the permanent securing of the object and opened its own on-the-spot branch entrusted with care for the historical monument. The revalorisation and preservation conducted for twenty five years were accompanied by thorough archaeological, historical and architectural research. Consequently, the museum, mindful of the technical state of the castle, recreated and protected part of the walls, predominantly for the purposes of displaying the original elements of defensive architecture and decorations from the first phase of the construction of the castle. In 1993 the range of the work was extended so as to include partial reconstruction intended to grant the castle assorted functions : museum, tourist, hotel and gastronomical. The general appearance of the castle will continue to be that of a permanent ruin. A complex of wooden manorial buildings transferred from assorted localities in the voivodeship of Lublin has been placed near the castle park. Together with the castle they constitute a functional entity. The author of the article maintains that the accepted range of the reconstruction of the castle, based upon the outcome of meticulous research, is acceptable and suits the criteria formulated in the Charter of Venice. Moreover, he regards a ruin to be a state highly undesirable for an architectural monument, and is in favour of reconstruction conducted to a degree permitted by the results of scientific investigations. J. Żurawski justifies his opinions by referring to universally applied practice which veers from official doctrine.
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