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1

Dzieje szybu Daniłowicza

100%

Charkot J., Krzysztofek D.

Studia i Materiały do Dziejów Żup Solnych w Polsce

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2014

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issue 29

7-32

EN

The Daniłowicz shaft was deepened in the years 1635-42. The excavation drilling was completed at a time when the function of mine manager was held by Jan Mikołaj Daniłowicz, the Grand Treasurer of the Crown. Over 230 years it reached only to level 1 (64 m deep). In the second half of the nineteenth century it was deepened in stages to level 5 and in 1929 to level 6 (240.6 m deep). Throughout its history, the shaft was repeatedly modernized and served a variety of functions. For more than 200 years, it was used to draw large amounts of salt, mainly located in the solid deposit. As a result of the work carried out with this shaft, most splendid chambers of the current tourist route and the most beautiful excavations of the underground exhibition of Wieliczka Cracow Saltworks Museum were created. Since the eighteenth century it also served the growing tourist traffic. After it was deepened and thoroughly modernized in the 1970s, it had only communication functions, serving both the crew and tourists. Since the beginning of the 1960s, its sole task is to serve the visitors of the Wieliczka mine. After the installation of air-conditioning in 1996 and a modern hoist (years 2011-12), every year it provides great comfort and safety to over one million tourists.

2

Konie w służbie salinarnej

80%

Charkot J.

Studia i Materiały do Dziejów Żup Solnych w Polsce

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2014

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issue 29

69-98

XX

Horses supported miners’ work throughout the period of the production operation of the Wieliczka and Bochnia salt mines. The only thing that changed was the nature and scope of this assistance. Initially it was limited to the maintenance tasks of saltworks farms, salt transport to warehouses by the Vistula River and the supply of wood for the protection of underground workings. From the middle of the fifteenth century, horses were incorporated directly in the process of salt production as traction force for horsemills installed over shafts. In the next century in Wieliczka and in the seventeenth century in Bochnia horses also started to work underground. Until the 1860s, they mainly served horsemills, and later, in the era of mechanized vertical transport, they served the underground horizontal transport. Most horses in both mining centers were working in the eighteenth century – about 60 in the Bochnia mine, and in Wieliczka usually more than 100. In the first one, the last horse finished its work in the 1970s, and in the second one only in 2002. Horses were surrounded with due care by miners who actually cared about their nutrition, health, proper work and rest regimens. Employees of the mine and animals “employed” for a longer time developed a special bond.

3

Kadra urzędnicza w salinach Wieliczki i Bochni w latach 1810-1918

71%

Walczy Ł.

Studia i Materiały do Dziejów Żup Solnych w Polsce

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2012

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vol. 28

31-90

XX

In the period that is the object of this study, 17 managers succeeded one another in Wieliczka. Until 1867, they managed the Bochnia saltworks and other plants which were temporarily subject to the Saltworks Board, also known under other names, which were frequently changed: the sulphur plant in Swoszowice, the hard coal mines in the Jaworzno district and the state forest inspectorate in the Jaworzno district. After 1867, only the Wieliczka mine was subject to the Board until 1914 (changes of managers, which happened very often between 1915 and 1918, are not possible to register in detail); there were 16 deputy managers, 16 mine surveyors, 10 finance directors, 10 “materials managers”; 3 engineers responsible for buildings and machines and 8 doctors. At that time in Bochnia, 20 managers succeeded one another; until 1867, they were subordinate to the Board operating in Wieliczka. Later, the saltworks in Bochnia was managed, on equal footing with Wieliczka, by the Galician State Management of the Treasury in Lviv and, through its agency, by the Ministry of Finance in Vienna; there were 13 deputy managers, 3 mine surveyors (for the majority of the discussed period, there was a separate mine surveyor, i.e. a surveyor accepting responsibility for the reliability of measurements by his signature, as well as correctness of maps and proper placement of markings in the mine pits); 12 finance directors; 11 “materials managers”; 2 doctors; a separate “machine” engineer worked here for a short time in the years directly preceding WWI. It is impossible to trace by names or even specify the total number of directors of individual “mounts” i.e. mining fields, operating in every field with deputies and assistants in three or two-person teams; the composition of such teams would change very often. Polonization of the personnel of the above-mentioned managing positions began in the middle of the 19th century. It was a result of co-existing processes; on the one hand, in some families who came to the Cracow Saltworks right after the partition, the second and, at the latest, the third generation began to identify with Polishness, adopting Polish as the native language, and the Polish custom as the home custom and, more importantly, the Polish manner of thinking and acting; on the other hand, the gap left behind families who in the past came from various Austrian states and whose descendants decided to return to the family places of their fathers or grandfathers were filled by representatives of Polish landowning families (the first example is the Wieliczka “saltworks physician”, Feliks Gozdawa- Boczkowski), who were permitted to do so on account of the necessity of maintaining employment in the saltworks. The moment when the saltworks clerks started to think and act “in Polish”, feeling that they were the officials of the Austrian state more and more solely in a formal way, falls at the end of the 1880’s and the beginning of the 1890’s. At that time, proposals of new names for underground pits started to contain, almost exclusively, names of older colleagues with whom people submitting the proposals used to work – and if they referred to higher rank clerks, these were predominantly Poles who worked on the level of province authorities (representation, state division, treasury directorate) – therefore, objectively, in the Polish interest. At that time, a place of clearly Polish character started to be built in the Wieliczka salt mine – the Chapel of St. Kinga (from the very beginning, its decoration was devoid of “Austrian” elements, whereas the pulpit, executed in 1903, presents the symbol of the holiest Polish national symbol: the Wawel Castle). In 1906, the 1st Convention of Polish Miners was held in Cracow, partially co-organized by the Wieliczka Saltworks Board; it was combined with a visit at the Wieliczka mine and a meeting for industry specialists from the Polish lands under all three partitions. After 1910 and before 1914, the Wieliczka saltworks clerks started to issue publications in the magazines in Warsaw and Zagłębie Dąbrowskie. True engineers/ humanists were in this group. Among them, the person of Feliks Piestrak, author of historical studies devoted to the maps of the Wieliczka mine prepared by M. German, W. Hondius and J.G. Borlach and philological translation of the Latin poem of A. Schröter of 1548 (describing the author’s impressions and remarks made during a visit to the Wieliczka Salt Mine) is particularly important. The group of clerks who, by way of promotion, worked in Wieliczka, Bochnia and in the saltworks of Eastern Małopolska, i.e. the historical Russian Saltworks, includes two professors from the first group teaching at the Cracovian Mining Academy, which started to operate in the Independent Poland in 1919. The merit of these people, and quite a significant one, was leading the saltworks away from the reign of Austria to independent Poland. In Western Małopolska, it was possible to perform it peacefully; in Eastern Małopolska, it also happened without greater losses and maintaining continuity of people and institutions, in the conditions of civil war provoked by Austria almost in the last days and hours of the partition.

4

Najcenniejsze obiekty w Archiwum Muzeum Żup Krakowskich Wieliczka

71%

Pawłowska-Pich I.

Studia i Materiały do Dziejów Żup Solnych w Polsce

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2012

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vol. 28

171-184

XX

The Cracow Saltworks Museum Wieliczka has a collection of valuable archives; the oldest date back to the 15th century. Their content value is priceless. It is difficult to determine, out of almost 5,000 catalogue numbers, the most precious ones. An interesting set of documents encompasses royal documents, often with well-preserved seals. Undeniably, the entire resource is an invaluable basis of historical knowledge. Collected and studied for a number of years, the archives were the object of numerous publications and scientific papers regarding important issues related to the history of salt mining, primarily in Wieliczka and in Bochnia. Making use of them is facilitated by printed catalogues and inventories. The Museum is also constantly taking care of the archive’s safety and condition, by ensuring proper conditions of storage and conservation. The priority of the Museum is, as far as possible, to extend the resources onto new valuable acquisitions and to take care of the collection, which the Museum already possesses and values a lot.

5

Kamień w zabytkach wielickich nekropolii

71%

Zadak R.

Studia i Materiały do Dziejów Żup Solnych w Polsce

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2014

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issue 29

129-142

EN

The article is devoted to the use of natural stone in the monuments of Wieliczka cemeteries. The author of the study has presented the subject of rock materials used to raise tombstones. Certain types of rocks and their properties have been described. Various types of tombstones have been characterized, from the beginning of the municipal cemetery and the Jewish cemetery to the first half of the twentieth century. The article also presents the historical background of the above mentioned cemeteries as well as the names of sculptorscreators of Wieliczka tombstones. It should be emphasized that some of the tombstones listed in the article are subject to special protection of monuments and by the decision of the Regional Conservator of Historic Monuments in Cracow in 1991 were entered in the register of monuments of Cracow (Małopolska) Province. Others, according to the author, have high artistic values, and in some cases, the used stone is a worth noting rarity.

6

Z dziejów sportu w Wieliczce w latach 1892 – 2015

57%

Krokosz P.

Studia i Materiały do Dziejów Żup Solnych w Polsce

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2016

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vol. 31

61-117

XX

Past years have been marked by a dynamic development of sports infrastructure in the area of the city and municipality of Wieliczka. Currently, two excellently equipped sports facilities operate in Wieliczka: “Solne Miasto” Educational and Recreational Centre, commissioned in 2011 and the Małopolska Athletics Arena, located on the so-called “Psia Górka” (a mining pit from which sand was transported to fill voids in the Wieliczka Salt Mine); in the inter-war period, the venue was used as a place for shooting competitions and in the 1970s as an off-road motorcycle course. Both facilities allow for organising competitions in various sports disciplines. The city’s sports offer is supplemented by two “Orlik” sports complexes (football pitches where it is possible to play football, handball, volleyball and basketball, with gym equipment and back-up facilities in the form of a sanitary building and cloakroom), located in Mickiewicz Park and in the Krzyszkowice Housing Estate. It is also necessary to mention sports facilities of other Wieliczka sports clubs and school football pitches and gyms, where various sports and recreational activities can be conducted. It is very interesting to compare the present-day picture with the beginnings of sports life which started to develop in Wieliczka in the 2nd half of the 19th century. Antoni Rink, the teacher of Wieliczka Departmental School, promoted the necessity of keeping proper physical condition among his pupils between 1886 and 1887 in “Przewodnik Gimastyczny Sokół.” Later, in 1892, the Polish Gymnastic Association “Sokół” established its unit in the city and for several decades to come it was the most important sports institution in Wieliczka. In the inter-war period, two effectively operating sports club joined “Sokół”, i.e. the Cyclists and Motorists Club in Wieliczka (1924), promoting cycling and motorcycling, and “Wieliczanka” Railway Sports Club (1927), which promoted broadly understood sports activity (the leading discipline in the club was football). Young people from Wieliczka’s schools and university students who were members of the Academic Youth Circle were also active in the area of sports. In the 1920s, “Ari” Jewish Sports Association was also established, which brought together Jewish youth in Wieliczka. Among several sports disciplines practiced in the Wieliczka sports clubs, football was the most popular; meetings of “Sokół” Sports Club and “Wieliczanka” football teams were the most important events of sports and social character in the city. In 1931, thanks to the efforts of Wieliczka authorities and members of all sports organisations, a municipal stadium was commissioned and its management was entrusted to “Wieliczanka.” The activity of Wieliczka’s residents in the area of sports was halted by the outbreak of WWII. Operation of all associations and social organisations, including sports clubs, was banned. It was only after the end of military activities that the sports life in the city started to flourish once again. “Wieliczanka” and “Sokół” resumed their operation almost immediately after the war. The former was less lucky, as the communist authorities declined its official registration and liquidated its soon afterwards. In 1947, another important Wieliczka sports club was established by the Salt Mine: “Górnik” Wieliczka (“Miner”) Sports Club. In 1970, the activity of “Wieliczanka” was suspended (until the end of the 1980s), which resulted in the fact that “Górnik” came to be the leading club in the city for several years. The competitors practicing in individual club sections were successful in local, domestic and international competitions. The most outstanding footballer who played for “Górnik” and earlier also for “Wieliczanka” was Adam Musiał, later a player of Cracow’s “Wisła”, as well as other foreign clubs, representative of the country and silver medal winner during the World Cup in 1974. In the 20th and the 21st century, tennis players were also successful, along with the team of women’s basketball players and boxers from the boxing section. Artur Szpilka has been the most famous boxer in the recent years. In the 1980s, there was a significant growth of sport activities among children and youth attending Wieliczka schools. A special role was played by the Inter-School Sports Centre established in Wieliczka in 1980 (MOS Wieliczka) and the Inter-School Sports Club operating next to it (MKS MOS Wieliczka). Facilities conducting sports classes for children and youth are equally important: UKS Regis Wieliczka, “Gimnazjon” Pupils’ Sports Club at Primary School with Integration Divisions No. 4 in Wieliczka or the Deacon’s Sports Club “Kinga.” Combat sports have enjoyed great popularity in Wieliczka for a number of years; it is possible to practice them in several specialist clubs and schools operating in the city. In 1993, Choy Lee Fut started to operate in the city (since 2000 under the name “Kung Fu Lung” Combat Sports School) managed by Tomasz Chabowski, multiple champion of Poland and Europe, champion of the world and coach of the Polish Wushu team (2010 – 2013). In the 1990s, Jarosław Hebda started to teach karate in Wieliczka in Oyama Karate; at the present moment, he is the manager of OYAMA Wieliczka Sports Club. Since 2009, second karate centre has been operating in the city – Kiokushinkai Wieliczka Karate Club, established and managed by Robert Kopciowski. Wieliczka is also the hotbed for chess talents. Outstanding post-war chess-players came from Wieliczka: Bogdan Śliwa (1922-2003) and Anna Jurczyńska (1926-2009). A worthy continuator of Wieliczka chess playing is MOS Wieliczka – its pupils were very successful in the country and abroad. Junior Grand Master Jan Krzysztof Duda, multiple champion of the world, Europe and Poland in chess, has greatest accomplishments in this noble discipline of sports. After 1945, cycling and motorcycling traditions were also revived. In the 1950s, a cycling section operated in “Górnik.” Participants of various competitions raced along the streets of the city, e.g. amateur cycling rallies “Rowerem po wiosnę” and “Rowerem po złoty liść,” “Kolarska majówka” or the prestigious professional Tour de Pologne race. The most accomplished road cyclist from Wieliczka is Tomasz Marczyński, winner of many domestic and international trophies and a member of elite professional European clubs. Motorcycle and car races are also popular. In 1975, upon the initiative of the Wieliczka teacher, Edward Kozioł, an off-road motorcycle race was organised under the name “Father and Son.” Best motorcycle riders and their offspring raced on “Psia Górka.” In the recent years, motorcycle riding in the area has been promoted by Tomasz Hajduk, the Champion of Poland (Seniors) between 2005 and 2013 in Motorcycle Trials and Piotr Serek, an award-winning sportsman in classic motorcycle racing. For a number of years, Wieliczka roads have been used as an arena for car races. In 1990s, an amateur rally event known as “Kręciołki Wielickie” (the drivers were competing for the Marian Bublewicz Trophy) was organised; since 2007, Automobilklub Krakowski, Wieliczka city and municipality, Wieliczka poviat and Association of Car Sports Lovers in Wieliczka have been organising the “Janusz Kulig and Marian Bublewicz Memorial Rally” which attracts throngs of fans from all over Poland. One of the best race drivers from Wieliczka is Mateusz Lisowski, a champion in domestic and foreign competitions, e.g. Škoda Octavia Cup (2009), Scirocco R-Cup (2011), Volkswagen Castrol Cup (2013). In car races, a team made of Rafał and Grzegorz Ślęczka represents the city and the municipality of Wieliczka and Solne Miasto Sp. z o.o.; the duo has won the first place in Class 9 in the Polish Rally Championship in 2012. For a number of years, running has also enjoyed significant popularity in Wieliczka. Traditional amateur cross-country running took place in Mickiewicz Park. Since the 1980s, running in the city has been provided with a more organised form. On 20 October 1984, the 1st Mieczysław Cieślik Athletic Memorial was organised, attended by over 400 participants – pupils from primary schools, middle schools and teachers. In 2000, the 1st “Solidarność” Wieliczka Race took place and, a year later, the “Race for St. Kinga’s Ring” was organised for the first time (the event is held annually during the city celebration days that take place in June each year). To celebrate the 85th anniversary of Polish independence, the 1st Wieliczka Independence Race was organised in the city (in 2015, its 13th edition was organised). In 2014, the 1st Half Marathon Wieliczka took place; its second edition a year later was prepared under a slightly different name: 4F Half Marathon Wieliczka.

7

Ochronki wielickie – ich powstanie i rozwój w czasach zaboru austriackiego

57%

Konwerska B.

Studia i Materiały do Dziejów Żup Solnych w Polsce

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2014

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issue 29

33-50

EN

In the era of dynamic economic and, especially, industrial development of various European countries in the nineteenth century, and a broad-scale process of pauperization, the ideas of philanthropy were generally revived, which highlit the need to undertake organized care initiatives. It was at the time of the industrial revolution that various charity institutions were established. The first kindergartens called orphanages occupied a special place among them. No wonder that in one of the most important mining centers of the then Austrian monarchy such centers emerged in the second half of the nineteenth century. The main subject of the following study is the history of the creation and the first two years of the Wieliczka orphanages – the urban one and the one serving the salt mine – under the Austrian partition. The appearance of this type of care and education institutions in Wieliczka is probably not, for those times, unusual and unique. However, the case of Wieliczka deserves mentioning. The singularity of the internal situation of Wieliczka is based on the fact that the inhabitants of the city could use the same offers two ways – on the part of the city or the salt mine. This work closely describes the history of creation, legal and financial base of both institutions and the cooperation and coexistence of both institutions until Poland regained its independence.

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7 Studia i Materiały do Dziejów Żup Solnych w Polsce

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Dzieje szybu Daniłowicza

Konie w służbie salinarnej

Kadra urzędnicza w salinach Wieliczki i Bochni w latach 1810-1918

Najcenniejsze obiekty w Archiwum Muzeum Żup Krakowskich Wieliczka

Kamień w zabytkach wielickich nekropolii

Z dziejów sportu w Wieliczce w latach 1892 – 2015

Ochronki wielickie – ich powstanie i rozwój w czasach zaboru austriackiego