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Wieki Stare i Nowe
|
2021
|
vol. 16
|
issue 21
216-227
EN
Denis Sdvižkov’s book Letters from the Prussian War combines the source material - consisting of a collection of private and official correspondence of officers of the Imperial Russian Army, direct participants in and witnesses of the Seven Years’ War (1756-1763) - with an extensive and original introductory study. Using anthropological and microhistorical approaches in an analysis of numerous personal testimonies, the Author shows how the daily life during the war and the key event of the 1758 campaign - the Battle of Zorndorf/Sarbinowo - were reflected in the experience of the Russian military. In addition to reconstructing the battle itself, the book pays much attention to everyday life, career strategies, values, religiosity and morality of the members of the Russian officer corps as well as to the role of the Zorndorf battle in the war propaganda and the historical memory in Russia and Prussia.
PL
Przedmiotem recenzji jest książka Denisa Sdvižkova poświęcona rosyjskiej armii w bitwie pod Sarbinowem (1758) w czasie wojny siedmioletniej. Analizując prywatne listy rosyjskich oficerów w antropologicznej perspektywie i umieszczając je w szerokim kontekście kulturowym, autor proponuje nowe spojrzenie na tę słynną batalię - oddając głos stronie, która dotychczas pozostawała milcząca.
EN
Contemporary archaeology of battlefields emerged in the 80s in the USA. The research of the Little Bighorn battlefield conducted since 1984 by Douglasa D. Scott was a key project. Two factors contributed to his success: the introduction of new research tools, including a metal detector, and cooperation between professional archaeologists and amateur monument seekers. In the current archaeology of the battlefields, the first factor is constantly present, the second one – cooperation with the seekers – is not the norm. The article presents the research on the battle of Kunowice (12.08.1759). Around 130 thousand soldiers from three armies (Russia, Prussia and Austria) participated in this confrontation. The battle ended with the Prussian’s defeat; over 300 thousand soldiers lost their lives or were injured. The research on this battle was conducted in the years 2006-2019. As a result, by the end of 2018, 11,300 moveable monuments had been found, the relics of the field fortifications were discovered and examined, a single soldier’s grave was found (in 2010) and an unsuccessful attempt was undertaken to find a mass grave. In view of the extent of the researched area, the works required significant human eff ort. Within 10 seasons, 1,248 working days were dedicated to field works. Professional researchers (archaeologists, historians and a researcher from the field of life sciences), students, monument seekers and other volunteers participated in the research. The seekers constituted a particularly numerous and important group. The discovered finds were registered by GPS receivers. A not fully successful attempt was made to document the route covered by the monument seekers. Another unsuccessful eff ort was made to systematise the search with metal detectors with the participation of a greater number of monument seekers. Despite some problems, research on battlefields is a perfect place for cooperation between professional history researchers and monument seekers.
ES
En este estudio exponemos las incidencias ocurridas entre España e Inglaterra, en la fase final de la Guerra de los Siete Años. Después que ambas potencias se declararan la guerra, continuó la actividad corsaria de años precedentes, con la consiguiente captura de embarcaciones y de prisioneros, por parte de ambos estados. Con respecto a las embarcaciones se detalla el lugar del incidente, características, mercancías que transportaban y tripulación; en cuanto a los prisioneros se especifican los lugares donde fueron retenidos y cuantificamos el costo que supuso su mantenimiento. Finalmente realizamos un análisis comparativo de su situación en cada territorio.
EN
In the following part of the article we present the incidents that arose between England and Spain in the final stage of the Seven Years’ War. After the two sides of the conflict declared war, they continued with their corsair actions that had already started earlier, together with the cosequent attacks on boats and taking prisoners concerning the both sides. With respect to the boats, we present the details concerning the place of their capture, their description, the goods transported and the crew; regarding the prisoners, we examine the place of their stay and the estimated costs of their maintainance. Finally, the comparative analysis of their situation on each territory is discussed.
PL
Niniejszy artykuł przedstawia incydenty, do jakich doszło pomiędzy Anglią i Hiszpanią w końcowym etapie wojny siedmioletniej. Po wypowiedzeniu wojny przez obie strony konfliktu, kontynuowały one rozpoczęte już wcześniej działania korsarskie, w tym ataki na łodzie i zabieranie do niewoli ich załóg. W kontekście łodzi przedstawiono szczegóły dotyczące miejsca ich zdobycia, ich opis, opis przewożonych towarów i załogi; w odniesieniu do więźniów zbadano miejsce ich pobytu i szacunkowe koszty ich utrzymania. Na koniec przeprowadzono analizę porównawczą ich sytuacji na danym terytorium.
EN
In 1756, France and England began a dispute that lasted until 1763: the Seven Years’ War. Although officially, between 1756 and 1761, the Spanish and English monarchies were not in conflict, the English corsairs, despite numerous claims, continued to inflict demage on the Spanish interests. In the presented study the author presents the incidents that took place between the two countries on the seas and land. At the same time, the proceedings of the Spanish administration are described as an indication of the ways of gaining the reparations for the suffered damages and the English response to it.
ES
En 1756, Francia e Inglaterra daban comienzo a una contienda que se prolongaría hasta 1763: la Guerra de los Siete Años. Aunque oficialmente, entre 1756 y 1761, las monarquías hispánica e inglesa no estaban en conflicto, los corsarios ingleses –pese a las numerosas reclamaciones–, no dejaron de perjudicar los intereses españoles. En este estudio exponemos las incidencias ocurridas entre ambos estados, tanto en el mar como en las costas; igualmente se detalla el procedimiento que seguía la administración española para exigir la reparación de los agravios y la respuesta que ofrecía Inglaterra.
PL
W 1756 r. Francja i Anglia rozpoczęły spór, trwający do 1763 r., określany mianem wojny siedmioletniej. Choć oficjalnie, między rokiem 1756 a 1761, monarchie hiszpańska i angielska nie były w konflikcie, angielscy korsarze, pomimo licznych zapewnień, nadal zagrażali hiszpańskim interesom. W niniejszym opracowaniu autor przedstawia incydenty, do których doszło pomiędzy oboma krajami na morzach i lądzie. Jednocześnie zostało opisane postępowanie hiszpańskiej administracji dążącej do uzyskania odszkodowań za poniesione szkody, a także angielską odpowiedź na te działania.
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