„Zawód zaufania publicznego” poprzez art. 17 Konstytucji stał się instytucją konstytu-cyjną, jednak niezdefiniowaną prawnie. Tymczasem określenie zakresu znaczeniowe-go tego pojęcia jest bardzo istotne z kilku powodów. Przede wszystkim z uwagi na fakt, że z zaliczeniem określonego zawodu do tej grupy wiążą się skutki prawne w postaci przyznawania szczególnych uprawnień i obowiązków osobom taki zawód wykonują-cym. Po drugie, brak definicji tego pojęcia generuje problemy w zakresie labilności jego znaczenia. Po trzecie, pojęcie to, w sposób błędny, stosowane jest zamiennie z pojęciem „wolnego zawodu”. Dlatego też, powstaje konieczność przybliżenia rozumienia tego po-jęcia formułowanego w literaturze prawniczej i orzecznictwie.
EN
“Profession of public trust” through the provision of art. 17 of the Constitution became a constitutional institution, but not legally defined. Meanwhile, determining the mean-ing of this concept is very important for several reasons. First of all, some legal effects are associated with assigning a particular profession to this group such as granting spe-cial rights and obligations to persons performing such a profession. Second, the lack of the definition of this concept generates problems in the lability of its meaning. Final-ly, the term is erroneously used interchangeably with the concept of ‘liberal profession’. Therefore, it is necessary to approximate the understanding of this concept formulated in legal literature and case law.
Używane w prawie i literaturze terminy „wolny zawód” i „zawód zaufania publicznego” nie zostały zdefiniowane, dlatego też stosowane są często zamiennie. Określają one jednak dwie różne grupy zawodów, zatem nie powinny być używane jako synonimy. Brak definicji tych pojęć stwarza wiele wątpliwości, których wyjaśnienie jest bardzo istotne ponieważ przyznanie określonemu zawodowi statusu „zawodu zaufania publicznego” wiąże się z przyznaniem mu pewnych istotnych przywilejów, obowiązków, ale i ograniczeń. Chodzi m.in. o możliwość tworzenia dla nich samorządów zawodowych upoważnionych do reprezentowania osób wykonujących te zawody i sprawujących pieczę nad należytym ich wykonywaniem w granicach interesu publicznego i dla jego ochrony. Powyższe z kolei, może pociągać za sobą konieczność wprowadzenia wielu ograniczeń zarówno w zakresie wolności wykonywania zawodu, jak i wolności podejmowania działalności gospodarczej, jeżeli z działalnością taką wykonywanie zawodu miałoby się wiązać.
EN
The terms ‘liberal profession’ and ‘profession of public trust’ used in law and literature have not been defined, and therefore are often used interchangeably. However, they define two different occupational groups, so they should not be used as synonyms. The lack of a definition of these concepts creates a lot of doubts, the explanation of which is very important because granting a given profession the status of “profession of public trust” is associated with granting it certain important privileges, obligations, but also restrictions. It regards, among others for the possibility of creating professional self-governments authorized to represent persons exercising these professions and overseeing their proper performance within the limits of the public interest and for its protection. The above, may entail the need to introduce many restrictions both in the scope of freedom to practice a profession and the freedom to start a business, if such activity would be related to such activity.
On 26th October 2015, the President of Poland signed The Physiotherapist Profession Act, which regulates the legal status of this profession. It normalizes numerous issues including pursuing the profession of a physiotherapist, educational requirements, professional liability, the functioning of professional self-government, etc. Therefore, we need to figure out if, in the current situation, the physiotherapist profession has the features that allow its recognition as a liberal profession and the profession of public trust. It is all the more important because in the course of the work on the bill of the physiotherapist profession, the opinions on this issue varied.
Celem niniejszego artykułu jest analiza wypowiedzenia umowy o pracę radcy prawnemu w związku z nienależytym wykonywaniem zawodu w kontekście wykonywania przez radcę prawnego wolnego zawodu oraz w kontekście zagadnienia ochrony trwałości stosunku pracy. Konstrukcja tego wypowiedzenia w prawie polskim stanowi w ujęciu autorki ważny element definiujący wykonywanie zawodu radcy prawnego jako wolnego zawodu. W opracowaniu podjęta zostanie argumentacja na rzecz stanowiska, że ochrona stosunku pracy radcy prawnego nie może zostać uznana za szczególną ochronę trwałości stosunku pracy.
EN
The purpose of this article is to analyze the termination of employment of legal counsel due to improper practice of the profession in the context of the exercise of the profession of legal counsel and in the context of protection of long-term employment. The construction of this notice in the Polish law, is an important element that defines the profession of legal counsel as a liberal profession. The argument will be undertaken in favor of the position that the protection of employment of legal counsel cannot be considered as a special protection of the durability of employment.
The article deals with a very crucial question of the legal status of physicians in Poland. The question asked is whether a physician who works as a sole practitioner may be recognized as a person performing a liberal profession, a public trust profession (a category specifi c only as far as Polish domestic law concerned), or a regulated profession (according to Directive 2005/36/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 7 September 2005 on the recognition of professional qualifi cations). Consequently, first the concepts of a liberal, regulated and public trust professions are analysed. Another important question to be answered is if physicians practicing as sole traders are undertakings in the meaning of the EU law and if they are what their status is. The vastest exclusion in terms of the subject and object of the legislation was provided by the Regulation on Industrial Law issued by Poland’s President on 7 June 1927 which excluded the activity conducted by physicians. Under Article 3 of the President’s Regulation the Commercial Code 27 June 1934, all liberal professions were also excluded from activities considered to be a form of entrepreneurship. This attitude changed in postwar Poland and the Act of 23 December 1988 on Economic Activity provided for no exclusion for any liberal profession from being regarded as economic activity. The Act of 19 November 1999 on Economic Activity excluded from its scope only entities that provided legal services (barristers and solicitors) and those rendering services in the area of industrial property. Today, under Polish law physicians are considered to be an undertaking in two situations: when they conduct their activities in the form of so-called ‘private practice’ (one-person undertaking), or when they conduct their practice within so-called ‘collective practice’ (partnership). They are not regarded as undertakings when they are employed by a medical institution or another medical entity on the basis of an employment contract. In such a case they fall under the provisions of the Act of 15 April 2011 on Medical Activities, but still keep the status of liberal profession.
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