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EN
This article discusses visual experiences of new immigrants as recorded in literary works by Polish writers. Arrival in a new country was often connected with life in a city built according to unfamiliar plans and principles. This, in turn, resulted in confusion, loss, and longing for the home country.
Werkwinkel
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2014
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vol. 9
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issue 2
11-16
EN
This is a translation of a general introduction to an anthology of poetry by Olga Kirsch. Major themes and motifs of her work are outlined, as well as a short biography of the authoress is presented. The selection from the poems of Olga Kirsch was published to celebrate her 70th birthday on 23rd of September 1994 as Nou spreek ek weer bekendes aan: ’n Keur 1944-1983 [Now I’m Again Addressing Familiar Ones: A Selection 1944-1983]. For the purposes of the translation the ending of the original introduction has been altered.
EN
The article aims to present the themes of popular contemporary women’s novels. The contexts for the analyses are stereotypes of sex and commercial expectations. The marketing strategy of the publishers and authors is important as well as the changing rules about creating the image of an author by the media. Pretending social involvement in popular women’s novels is connected with marketing strategies and the need to refer to popular subjects is of secondary importance. What is important, however, is the literary awareness of the authors and the capacity of recognizing the place of one’s own creativity on the map of pop culture.
EN
The article tries to answer the following question: “what is the potential of digital data bases in research of the history and theory of marginal literatures”, that is, in the research of women’s writing? The focus of the text is on the data base Knjiženstvo, as well as on the complete project Knjiženstvo, theory and history of women’s writing in Serbian language until 1915 which connects its topic with European context in an innovative way.
SR
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EN
This article presents the characteristic features of women’s writing in Poland during the reign of the House of Wettin, as observed in texts addressed by women to their daughters. They contain advice, recommendations and blessings given at an important moment in the addressee’s life – at her birth or when she is getting married. As upbringing and family matters were, according to the traditional mentality, within the domain of women’s activity, female authors of the first half of the 18th century probably assumed that they had a voice in that sphere. This article refers to both texts published in print and popular with readers – by Barbara Sanguszkowa or Franciszka Urszula Radziwiłłowa – and those which, to this day, have remained in manuscript – by Konstancja Gnińska and Karolina Urszula Lubomirska. The analysis of these works is oriented at indicating their typical content resulting from the convention as well as manifestations of an individual approach to the topic.
EN
Alma Lazarevska is one of the most conspicuous modern writers from Bosnia, and her collection of short stories Death in the Museum of Modern Art is a uniquely interesting literary realization included in the current women’s writing about war. There are six short stories where the author described various life experiences of women in besieged Sarajevo. The presentation of the war reality is constructed from the point of view of a female narrator and is fragmentary in its character. The space of the besieged city is limited to the private space of home, the intimate zone inhabited mainly by women. One of the characteristic features of this narration is the precise description, construction of time subject to the memory of the narrator (which results in constant interspersing of the events from before and from the time of the siege, as they determine one another) and body writing (e.g. the motif of home, milk, water and body).
EN
The author of 19th-century letters, Bronisława Waligórska – a socialist activist – was arrested and imprisoned in the Warsaw Citadel in July 1886.She sent letters from prison to her sister Jadwiga, who visited her in an attempt to satisfy the prisoner’s most pressing needs. The surviving correspondenceis a testimony of the living conditions of the Citadel’s prisoners and the internal life of Bronisława, who was gradually losing her spirit and the will to fight. On December 31, 1886, she swallowed sulphur from matches and died a few days later. Waligórska’s letters are a testimony of the time spent in prison, but not only. In the letters to her sister, she discussed such topics as the conditions of everyday existence, life in prison and organisation, but also included her reflections on culture, literature and art. She tried to fill her time in prison with translation work. The surviving letters have been published in an innovative graphic form and their edition is a breakthrough in editorial work on archival documents. The print meticulously keeps all the corrections and crosses of the original. Monika Rudaś-Grodzka treated Bronisława Waligórska’s letters with great respect; she approached them with a passion and sensitivity of an archivist who not only analyses the content of the remaining documents, but is always aware that they are a testimony of the life of a particular person. Thanks to thepeculiar attitude of the researcher, Waligórska, while being the protagonist of the book, never stopped being its author. The edition of letters from prison are accompanied by an editor’s note, a description of the terms of publications, a timeline, the main protagonist’s prison biography and a selection of documents concerning the investigation.
EN
In the article we study two visions of the city. A “classical” and allegorical one is included in Christine de Pizan’s well-known oeuvre, Le Livre de la Cité des Dames (1404/1405). We compare it to a biographically conditioned construction from the essays "Digues que m’estimes encara que sigui mentida" (1991) by the Catalan writer Montserrat Roig. The key factor in our analysis is the chronotope structure and the relationship between the image of the city and the writing act. We note a number of similarities between the two visions, some of them stemming from the identity and the social and cultural situation of the feminine subject, but also point out some differences, as those determined by the historical context of both texts and their literary genres.
EN
Różne głosy: Pisarstwo Czeszek w okresie postkomunistycznym. This essay offers an overview of the diversity of women’s prose writing that emerged on the Czech cultural scene in the post-communist era. To that end it briefly characterizes the work of eight Czech women authors who were born within the first two decades after World War II and began to create during the post-1968 era of ‘normalization’. In this broad sense they belong to a single generation. With rare exception their work was not officially published in their homeland until the 1990s. The writers included are: Lenka Procházková, Tereza Boučková, Alexandra Berková, Zuzana Brabcová, Daniela Hodrová, Sylvie Richterová, Iva Pekárková, and Eva Hauserová. The overview is followed by a concise comparative analysis of texts by three very different writers (Procházková, Pekárková, and Hodrová), using a feminist critical approach. There is also an appendix of works by these writers available in English translation.
EN
Implicit in the primary project of traditional aesthetics is the distinction made between “high” and “low” culture via standards that feminist critics have argued bar creative work by women from entry into the artistic canon. Since the mid-1990s these standards have been evident in the critical reception of the genre known as “chick lit” which is largely written by women using a distinctly feminine style and address. While the question of chick lit’s merit as a form of women’s writing and its claim to literary status remains undecided, chick lit has travelled a long way since Bridget Jones’s Diary and the conclusions drawn about Western chick lit cannot be seamlessly mapped onto chick lit’s others – its racially inflected and transnational iterations.Drawing on theories of feminine aesthetics, life writing, performativity, confession and memory, this paper moves from a consideration of the main arguments surrounding the aesthetic possibilities of the Western chick lit novel to the distinctive creative expression present in Indian chick lit to argue that the answer to the question of the genre’s aesthetic value may be found in some of its global transformations.
EN
The book of essays Smrtni grijesi feminizma (The Deadly Sins of Feminism), written by Slavenka Drakulić, and Irena Vrkljan’s novel Svila, škare (The Silk, the Shears), both published in 1984, became the samples of feminist activism and the poetics of l’écriture féminine in Croatian literature. Considering their generic aspects and their narrative strategies focused on revealing the conflict between public/historical/political and personal/everyday/trivial, in our paper we will discuss Vrkljan’s novel as outstanding example of the emancipatory changes in the cultural field of the 1980’s. “Trivial as political” in Slavenka Drakulić’s writing, articulated through Irena Vrkljan’s autobiographical narrative, incites the emancipatory power of l’écriture féminine that simultaneously reflects the Other in itself, produces its own difference and writes without inscribing itself. This type of women’s writing, as previously defined by Hélène Cixous, is presented in Irena Vrkljan’s text as writing its own life that is “always in-between” and that undermines declared democratic values as much as the politics of literature, as understood by Jacques Rancière. Revealing discordances between poetic and social hierarchies, women’s writing makes changes in the partition of the visible and the sayable, in the intertwining of being and writing, body and words.
EN
This paper explores the presence of gender-conscious attitudes in the works of the Czech author Lenka Procházková (born 1951), a member of the dissident movement during the communist regime. It argues that her writings took issue with patriarchal social structures, yet sometimes camouflaged these challenges behind criticism of the totalitarian rule. These expressions, which one might be tempted to consider as feminist from a Western and 21st-century point of view, emerged within East European dissident culture and probably without exposure to Western feminist concepts. Procházková developed a model of an inner exile for dissidents that originated in a canonical work of Czech literature by Božena Němcová and from which one of her female protagonists draws strength. Thus, her works suggest that Western gender theories are limited in their potential to assess East European dissident women’s writing, when they fail to include local literary traditions.
XX
The article is devoted to an analysis of women's writing in the literary theory and criticism of independent Ukraine. A general overview of the formation of feminist critique and gender approach in Ukrainian literary criticism is made based on the principles of American and French literary schools. Researchers’ concepts concerning the features of women’s writing, themes, stylistics and poetics of texts created by women are analyzed. The achievements of Ukrainian scholars in the study of women's literature, in particular, the works of modernist and postmodernist women authors, are shown. The leading research themes of the period of Independence are determined, namely: representation and reception of a woman author, features of a text written by a woman, types of heroines in modern Ukrainian women’s prose.
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2020
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vol. 6
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issue 2
31-42
EN
The essay offers an analysis of Flesh and Blood, a novel by Michèle Roberts, first published in 1994. It discusses the book from the vantage point of French feminist criticism, especially écriture feminine, as well as gynocritics. The theory serves as a reference point for a better understanding of the novel’s structure, language and plot. In the opening paragraphs, the essay delineates the main premises of écriture feminine, a French feminist theory represented primarily by Hélène Cixous and Luce Irigaray, and gynocritics, a concept developed by the American feminist scholar Elaine Showalter. It then moves on to portray Flesh and Blood as an example of écriture feminine, analysing the aspects of the novel that mirror the theories of the French feminist critics: characters, motifs, structure, formal ploys and language.  
Porównania
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2020
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vol. 27
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issue 2
235-246
PL
Artykuł bada współczesne węgierskie pisarstwo kobiece w kontekście kosmopolitycznego feminizmu. Analizie poddano trzy utwory: Finnugor vampire Noémi Szécsi, Trans Noémi Kiss oraz Világító testek: 100 kis Budapest Erdős Virág. Utwory te czytam jako przykłady zaangażowania kosmopolitycznego feminizmu w przestrzeń miejską. W przeciwieństwie do kantowskiej koncepcji kosmopolityzmu, krytykowanej za nieuwzględnianie doświadczeń poszczególnych grup społecznych i regionów geograficznych, kosmopolityczny feminizm koncentruje się na tym, co lokalne i ucieleśnione. Omawiane dzieła dotyczą przekraczania granic pod względem zarówno formy, jak i treści, a jednocześnie angażują się w powszednie, afektywne aspekty codziennego życia w przestrzeni miejskiej. Ów kosmopolityczny feminizm kwestionuje zaściankowe, ciężkie, narodowe tradycje literackie i wskazuje na wyraźną linię estetyki feministycznej we współczesnej literaturze węgierskiej.
EN
This article investigates contemporary Hungarian women’s writing in the context of cosmopolitan feminism. The literary works explored are Noémi Szécsi’s The Finno-Ugrian Vampire, Noémi Kiss’s Trans and Virág Erdős’s Luminous Bodies: 100 Little Budapest, which I read as examples of a cosmopolitan feminist engagement with urban space. As opposed to the Kantian concept of cosmopolitanism, which has been critiqued for failing to take the experiences of particular social groups and geographical regions into account, cosmopolitan feminism focuses on the local and the embodied. The discussed texts thematise border crossing both on the level of form and content, while they engage with the mundane, affective aspects of everyday life in an emphatically urban setting. This cosmopolitan feminism challenges parochial, heavy, national literary traditions and points towards a distinct feministaesthetics in contemporary Hungarian literature.
EN
The article is the analysis of the place of Kazimiera Iłłakowiczówna in contemporary literary discourse. The author of the article claims – using Pierre Bayard’s theory – that the poetess is known “more or less”: she is remembered as someone who got prizes and recognition but at the same time she is impossible to read nowadays. There is political ambiguity and antiquity in her texts that keep her in the past. Marzec points at four areas of literary studies, where Iłłakowiczówna is still present: 1. Poetics: Iłłakowiczówna uses an original and unusual type of the Polish tonic verse. The author of this article analyses it using tools of psychoanalysis. 2. Religious discourse: Iłłakowicz.wna is interpreted as the author of religious poetry but Marzec argues with such interpretations. 3. Post-dependence studies: Iłłakowiczówna has not been analysed in terms of post-dependence studies yet but she is mentioned in the Polish borderlines discourse. 4. Feminist literary criticism: Iłłakowiczówna used to be studied as the author of androgynous poetry, but Marzec points out other motifs such as miscarriage, infanticide or problems of the new woman, like work at government institution, contestation of vitalism and bureaucracy. The aimof this article is to show that writing of Kazimiera Iłłakowiczówna needs to be read in terms of the history of literature which is devoid of evaluation and judging. Such analysis means going back in terms of modern literary studies which have undergone multiple turns that changed the tools accessible to contemporary critics.
PL
The aim of the article is to describe the extraordinarily animated and extensive relationships between Polish and Czech literature in the second half of the 19th century. Literary correspondence is extremely clearly revealed with regard to the Czech writer Karolina Světla and her reception in Poland and the Polish writer ElizaOrzeszkowa together with her reception in Czech. The article attempts to indicate the reasons for their popularity in these neighbouring countries in the last decades of the 19th century. Thus the subsequent reflection explores a shared viewpoint of both writers concerning national questions, combined with the necessity of women’s liberation, including their accessibility to education. By exploring the critical  possibilities  of  literature,  Světla  and  Orzeszkowa  were  exposing  the  imperfections  of their own nations regarding patriotism and emancipation. At the same time, it is worth stressing that both writers regarded their neighbouring nation as a model.
EN
The aim of the article is to describe the extraordinarily animated and extensive relationships between Polish and Czech literature in the second half of the 19th century. Literary correspondence is extremely clearly revealed with regard to the Czech writer Karolina Světla and her reception in Poland and the Polish writer ElizaOrzeszkowa together with her reception in Czech. The article attempts to indicate the reasons for their popularity in these neighbouring countries in the last decades of the 19th century. Thus the subsequent reflection explores a shared viewpoint of both writers concerning national questions, combined with the necessity of women’s liberation, including their accessibility to education. By exploring the critical  possibilities  of  literature,  Světla  and  Orzeszkowa  were  exposing  the  imperfections  of their own nations regarding patriotism and emancipation. At the same time, it is worth stressing that both writers regarded their neighbouring nation as a model. 
EN
Eros and Thanatos: Permanent and complementary leitmotifs of novels by Jakuba Katalpa The article follows, at first in general terms, the depiction of the motive of death and dying in literature and culture, including the transformation of the attitude of man towards death in the context of time. It emphasizes the interdisciplinary nature of the subject and mentions relevant professional literature. The study then examines the psychoanalytic concepts of Eros and Thanatos, the instincts of life and death that emerge from the prose of Jakuba Katalpa and make her work original. It also notes the concept of “female writing” and deconstructivism and reveals the specific artistic features of her novels. Among other things, it reflects on the post-war expulsion of the Sudeten Germans and its perception by the younger generation.
RU
Эрос и танатос — постоянные и взаимодополняющие лейтмотивы прозы Якубы Каталпы В статье представлена специфика изображения темы смерти и умирания в литературе и культуре, в том числе показаны изменения отношения человека к смерти в современном мире. Подчеркивается междисциплинарный характер исследуемой темы и приводятся посвященные ей научные работы. Анализируются психоаналитические понятия „Эрос” и „Tанатос”, т. е. инстинкты жизни и смерти. Мотивы Эроса и Танатоса прослеживаются в прозе писательницы Якубы Каталпы, обращение к исследуемым мотивам придает оригинальное звучание ее произведениям. В статье также рассматриваются концепции деконструктивизма и женского творчества, анализируются специфические художественные особенности романов, написанных авторами-женщинами. Автор также обращается к проблеме депортации судетских немцев и восприятию этой проблемы молодым поколением.
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Płeć i wygnanie

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PL
Przedmiotem artykułu jest praca Bożeny Karwowskiej Druga płeć na wygnaniu. Doświadczenie migracyjne w opowieści powojennych pisarek polskich, która powstała jako rezultat dłuższych studiów nad różnymi odmianami i dziełami kobiecego pisarstwa emigracyjnego i stanowi udaną próbę usystematyzowania problematyki wygnania w twórczości kobiet. Wskazano, że punktem wyjścia dla omówienia przez badaczkę doświadczenia migracyjnego w twórczości powojennych pisarek polskich jest teza o wyraźnych różnicach między wygnańczymi opowieściami kobiet i mężczyzn. Zauważono ponadto, że książka Bożeny Karwowskiej jest naznaczona silnym rysem indywidualnym, została bowiem napisana z perspektywy emigrantki. Wypełnia ważną lukę w badaniach nad literaturą emigracyjną, wskazuje na nowe perspektywy jej odczytań, korzysta z najnowszych osiągnięć badawczych feminizmu i studiów postkolonialnych.
EN
The subject of the article is work by Bożena Karwowska The Second Sex in Exile. Experience the Story of Migration in the Postwar Polish Writers, established as a result of long study of the different variations and works of women’s writing in exile and is a successful attempt to systematize the problems of exile in the work of women. The article indicated that the starting point for discussion by the researcher of the migration experience in the work of postwar Polish writers is the thesis with clear differences between exile stories of men and women. The article noted that the book by Bożena Karwowska is marked by a strong feature of the individual, for it is written from the perspective of an immigrant. The work fills an important gap in the research literature of exile, points to new perspectives of its reading, using the latest research achievements of feminism and postcolonial studies.
EN
Sibilla Aleramo (1876–1960) and Emilia Szenwicowa (1889–1972), Polish journalist and translator, met in 1927: the Italian writer hoped that Szenwicowa would translate her novel Amo dunque sono into Polish. A year later, Aleramo spent a few weeks on vacation in Positano, in the villa of the Szenwic family, where she often returned until the outbreak of World War II. In 1931, thanks to Szenwicowa’s mediation, Aleramo undertook the translation of Dom kobiet, a theatrical piece by Zofia Nałkowska, into French and literal Italian, using mediatory versions. A collection of Aleramo’s letters has recently been found in the family archive of the Polish journalist’s heirs. The letters, published for the first time in the present paper in fragments, testify to the profound friendship that united the two intellectuals, and document, amongst other things, their various collaborative projects concerning the translation of theatre plays from Polish to Italian. The aim of the paper is to analyse the moments of correspondence between Aleramo and Szenwicowa that refer to the theatre.
IT
Sibilla Aleramo (1876–1960) ed Emilia Szenwicowa (1889–1972), giornalista e traduttrice polacca, si conobbero nel 1927: la scrittrice italiana sperava che Szenwicowa avrebbe tradotto in italiano il suo romanzo Amo dunque sono. Un anno dopo, Aleramo trascorse qualche settimana di vacanza a Positano, nella villa della famiglia Szenwic, dove ritornò spesso fino allo scoppio della seconda guerra mondiale. Nel 1931, grazie alla mediazione di Emilia, Aleramo intraprese la traduzione di Dom kobiet, una pièce teatrale di Zofia Nałkowska, basandosi su traduzioni mediatorie in italiano e francese. Nell’archivio familiare degli eredi della giornalista polacca è stata recentemente ritrovata una collezione di missive aleramiane. Le lettere, per la prima volta pubblicate in frammenti nel presente saggio, testimoniano la profonda amicizia che univa le due intellettuali e documentano, tra l’altro, diversi progetti di collaborazione inerenti la traduzione di testi teatrali dal polacco in italiano. I momenti della corrispondenza tra Aleramo e Szenwicowa che si riferiscono al teatro vengono sottoposti nel presente intervento ad un’analisi approfondita
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