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  1. 8 Medycyna Pracy

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1
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Non-traditional work engagement - report from the author's research

100%
Dobrowolska M.
Społeczeństwo i Edukacja. Międzynarodowe Studia Humanistyczne
|
2014
|
issue 3(15)
127-136
EN
When it comes to performance of duties, professional activity in flexible forms of employment, regardless of attachment to an organisation, perceived welfare of an employee, job satisfaction and efficiency of one’s own professional activities work engagement plays a vital role. This means that regardless the organization, variability in employment, jobs and posts, an individual employed in flexible forms of employment may experience, precisely as permanent staff and employees employed in traditional forms of employments, all the components of job involvement such as vigour, absorption and dedication. To test this hypothesis the author carried out a survey on a group employees employed in nine flexible forms of employment. This paper presents the most important conclusions of the survey and a theoretical review of the analysed variable.
2
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Paradoks efektywności pracy – między budowaniem zaangażowania a wypaleniem zawodowym

100%
Skowron-Mielnik B.
Nauki o Zarządzaniu
|
2016
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issue 2(27)
151-163
EN
The aim of the hereby article is to point at the inconsistency in building employee’s engagement in the context of work effectiveness. An analysis of engagement and work effectiveness notion and published research results pertaining to both questions were conducted. The article was based on a secondary datum and a desk research method was used. The object of analysis was defining why an increasing pressure on engagement does not lead to an increase of work effectiveness. The conclusions show firstly that an increase of engagement involves a biological and psychical cost increase – an employee works longer and with a bigger passion that can result in both an equal burnout and a lower performance. Secondly, engagement is hardly measurable and it is problematic to be controlled in order to achieve the very measurable work results.
3
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Does self-improvement explain well-being in life and at workplace? Analysis based on selected measures of well-being

80%
Zawadzka A. M., Szabowska-Walaszczyk A.
Polish Psychological Bulletin
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2014
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vol. 45
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issue 2
134-141
EN
Two studies were performed to test the relationship between readiness for self-improvement (consisting of two components: readiness to improve oneself and readiness to take care of one’s health) and selected measures of well-being. The first study investigated whether readiness for self-improvement is related to the selected measures of overall subjective well-being (or life satisfaction). The second one investigated in what way readiness for self-improvement is related to subjective well-being at workplace (or work engagement). The results obtained in both cases showed that readiness for self-improvement is indeed related to and does account for well-being. In the first study, readiness for self-improvement (i.e. readiness to improve oneself) accounted for overall life satisfaction within important human life domains and satisfaction with the present and future life. In the second study, work engagement, was significantly linked to readiness to improve oneself but was not with readiness to take care of one’s health.
4
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Does work engagement burn out? The person-job fit and levels of burnout and engagement in work

80%
Chirkowska-Smolak T.
Polish Psychological Bulletin
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2012
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vol. 43
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issue 2
76-85
EN
This research (N=943) examines the relationship between burnout, work engagement, and organizational factors that play an important role in the strain process (development of burnout), and in the motivational process (work engagement). The aim of the study is to test the relationships of burnout and work engagement, on the one hand, and organizational factors—job demands (workload) and job resources (control, relations with co-workers and superiors, rewards, fairness, and values)—on the other. The results of the analysis call into doubt whether burnout and work engagement are opposite poles of the same dimension, or whether they are independent, though correlated, constructs. Exhaustion and vigour are not the extremes of the same energy dimension, but in the case of cynicism and dedication, the situation is not so clear. It can be said that we are not dealing with the burnout of engagement, but rather with a change in attitude to work (increasing cynicism) on the part of people not suited to their jobs.
5
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Acculturation Strategies and Work Engagement among Polish Migrant Workers in Great Britain

80%
Turska E., Mochnacka A.
The New Educational Review
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2016
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vol. 45
273-284
EN
The topic of interest explored in this paper concerns the acculturation strategies employed by Polish migrant workers in the United Kingdom. The aim of the present study, conducted on 166 participants residing in Great Britain, was to identify the relationship between the recognised acculturation strategies and work engagement. The socio-professional status of Polish migrant workers is also presented in this article.
6
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Are Professional Burnout and Work Engagement Opposing or Independent Constructs?

80%
Rożnowski B.
|
2020
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vol. 23
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issue 3
291-307
EN
The aim of the article is to broaden the knowledge about the mutual relationship between work engagement and professional burnout. In the psychological literature, a lively discussion between the position that these are opposite poles of one dimension and the position that both dimensions are independent has not yet been clearly concluded. The article focuses on the analysis of the causes of both phenomena. It was assumed that one-dimensionality means that the same elements of the work situation affect each of the states but in an opposite way. The research was conducted using standardized questionnaires (AWLS, LBQ, and UWES) on a group of 128 teachers from different types of schools. Statistical analyses relying on regression analysis indicated different sources of each phenomenon, which supports the position of independence of both constructs.
7
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Zarządzanie zaangażowaniem w pracę w świetle teorii wymagań i zasobów pracy

80%
Kulikowski K.
Nauki o Zarządzaniu
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2015
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issue 3 (24)
80-90
EN
The Job Demands-Resources Theory (JD-R) is a heuristic theory that explains the work engagement and exhaustion by job resources and job demands interaction. The purpose of this article is to use the JD-R as a theoretical framework of work engagement management concept. In the first part of the article the concept of work engagement is presented. The second section explains the theoretical assumption of JD-R. In the third part, the concept of work engagement management is introduced. Work engagement management concept integrates planning, measurement and active modification of job resources and demands, which should lead to the development of work engagement among employees. The conclusion sets out the possible consequences of theoretical and practical application of the proposed concept and points up its limitations.
8
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Work engagement and occupational burnout among teachers: the mediating role of positive orientation

80%
Grala K., Woś J., Kałowski P.
Psychologia Wychowawcza
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2020
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issue Special issue
EN
The purpose of the research was: (1) to establish the relationship between work engagement, occupational burnout, and positive orientation; (2) to examine whether positive orientation mediates the relationship between work engagement and occupational burnout. The study involved teachers (N = 106) of grades 1–6 of primary school and grades 1–3 of middle school. As expected, work engagement correlated negatively with burnout, and positive orientation correlated positively with work engagement and negatively with burnout, also mediating the relationship between these variables.
9
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Psychologiczne aspekty kompetencji relacyjnej jako korelaty subiektywnego dobrostanu związanego z pracą

70%
Chrupała-Pniak M., Pollak A., Rudnicka P., Więcek K.
Społeczeństwo i Edukacja. Międzynarodowe Studia Humanistyczne
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2016
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issue 2(21)
71-88
EN
Relational competence is a kind of meta-organizational competence, defined as the ability to interact with a particular company’s stakeholders, allowing access to external knowledge and accelerating its transfer. The authors have defined the psychological aspects of relational competence as a positive psychological state of work involvement of an individual including: trust propensity and cooperation competence. The study also analyzes the level of internal and external motivation and autonomous motivation (SDT) to cooperate and individual ability to cope in inter-organizational cooperation. Occupational subjective well-being (SWB) was operationalized as an individual reaction on the change in the work environment (work-related stress). Another indicator of SWB variable is individual level of work engagement (UWES_9). The analyses confirm relations of trust propensity with both work engagement and work related stress and relations of cooperation competence with stress. Additionally, mediation analysis confirms indirect effect of trust propensity thorough autonomous motivation to work related stress.
10
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Work Attitudes and Work Ethic as Predictors of Work Engagement among Polish Employees

61%
Czerw A., Grabowski D.
Polish Psychological Bulletin
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2015
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vol. 46
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issue 4
503-512
EN
The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between work engagement and the psychological traits of employees, such as attitudes towards work and work ethic. Additionally, the study included demographic characteristics of employees and organizational characteristics. Research was conducted using the Polish adaptations of two well known methods: Multidimensional Work Ethic Profile and Utrecht Work Enagagement Scale, as well as the Work Attitude Questionnaire (WAQ) - a new Polish method. 360 adult employees of two large Polish regions took part in the study. The analysis showed a significant influence of hedonic-autotelic attitude, as well as four dimensions of work ethic on work engagement. It seems to be an important conclusion that work engagement turned out to be far more determined by the subject’s psychological traits than demographic and organizational ones. These results, indicating the special role of the perception of work as a central value, can be used only in the area of attitudes towards work formed during adolescence (e.g., at school, in career counseling) but also in the area of motivating the employees by the organization.
11
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Satysfakcja z wynagrodzenia i zaangażowanie w pracę wśród pracowników firm prywatnych i państwowych

61%
Kulikowski K.
Zarządzanie Publiczne / Public Governance
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2016
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issue 1(35)
58-67
PL
Zaangażowanie w pracę i zadowolenie pracowników są istotnymi predyktorami efektywności pracy, liczby absencji i zdrowia. Wydaje się jednak, że wciąż zbyt mało uwagi poświęca się zaangażowaniu i satysfakcji pracowników firm państwowych. Celem artykułu jest odpowiedź na pytanie, jak kształtują się: zaangażowanie w pracę – reprezentowane przez wigor i oddanie – satysfakcja z wynagrodzenia oraz ocena jego sprawiedliwości wśród pracowników sektora publicznego w porównaniu z tymi z przedsiębiorstw prywatnych. Przeprowadzono internetowe badanie opinii w grupie 1065 pracowników firm prywatnych i 203 pracowników firm państwowych z wykorzystaniem kwestionariusza Utrecht Work Engagement Scale. Pracownicy firm państwowych charakteryzują się istotnie niższym poziomem satysfakcji z wynagrodzenia i niżej oceniają sprawiedliwość wynagrodzenia w porównaniu z pierwszymi. Wykazano także istotną różnicę o niewielkiej sile w poziomie wigoru, lecz nie wykazano istotnych różnic w poziomie oddania się pracy pomiędzy dwiema grupami badanych. Wyniki te zwracają uwagę na niepokojące zjawisko niskiego zadowolenia z wynagrodzenia wśród pracowników firm państwowych, mogące przekładać się na spadek efektywności i jakości ich pracy.
EN
Work engagement and employee satisfaction are important predictors of work performance, absenteeism and health. However, little attention is still being paid to the engagement and satisfaction of employees of national companies. The aim of the paper is to answer the question of how the level of work engagement is represented by vigour and dedication, satisfaction with pay and pay fairness among employees from national and private companies. An Internet-based opinion poll has been conducted in a group of 1065 employees of private companies and 203 employees of national companies, using the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale. It found that employees of national companies had significantly lower level of satisfaction with pay and pay fairness compared to employees of private companies. There also was a significant difference in the small effect size in the level of vigour, but no significant difference in the level of dedication between two groups could be observed. The results highlight low satisfaction with salaries of Polish employees of national companies, which may have a negative impact on the efficiency and quality of their work.
12
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Relationships between personality, emotional labor, work engagement and job satisfaction in service professions

61%
Mróz J., Kaleta K.
International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health
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2016
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vol. 29
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issue 5
767-782
EN
Objectives Although there have been studies linking personality to selected aspects of functioning at work, Polish literature reports a shortage of detailed analyses considering, e.g., specific professional groups or certain variables. The aim of our study was to explore the links between personality traits and emotional labor, work engagement and job satisfaction among service workers. Material and Methods The study was based on a cross-sectional, self-report survey of 137 workers representing different service industries in Poland. Each participant received a demographic data sheet and a set of questionnaires: NEO Five-Factor Inventory, the Deep Acting and Surface Acting Scale, the Job Satisfaction Scale and the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale – all in their Polish versions. Results A correlation analysis revealed numerous relationships between the examined variables. However, results of the regression analysis showed that only some personality traits were related with individual aspects of functioning at work. Neuroticism accounted for the phenomenon of faking emotions. Conscientiousness was significantly related to general work engagement, vigor and dedication. Agreeableness and neuroticism significantly predicted job satisfaction. Conclusions Individual personality traits account for various aspects of work functioning. Int J Occup Med Environ Health 2016;29(5):767–782
13
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A study of character strengths, work engagement and subjective well-being in Chinese registered nurses

61%
Ding X., Kan H., Chu X., Sun C., Ruan F.
Medycyna Pracy
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2022
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vol. 73
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issue 4
294-304
EN
Background: Nurses displayed low levels of subjective well-being and high turnover intention. How to enhance the subjective well-being and decrease the turnover rate of nurses is of great importance. However, little is known about whether work engagement mediates between character strengths and subjective well-being. The study aims to explore character strengths, work engagement and subjective well-being in nurses, and to determine whether work engagement plays a mediating role between the relationship. Material and Methods: From December 2017 to December 2018, 450 Chinese registered nurses completed the character strengths scale, work engagement scale, and subjective well-being scale. The relationship between study variables was tested by Pearson correlation. The mediating effect of work engagement was tested by the bootstrap method. Results: The results indicated the following: (1) the 4 elements of character strengths and work engagement were significantly and positively correlated with subjective well-being; (2) character strengths could significantly predict both work engagement and subjective well-being; (3) work engagement played a mediating role in this relationship. Conclusions: Character strengths affect subjective well-being in Chinese registered nurses, and work engagement plays a mediating variable among the relations. Therefore, nurses are encouraged to foster their character strengths and improve their level of work engagement for their subjective well-being. Following the results, the study recommends that nursing managers be aware of the importance of using character strengths in nursing work, taking actions to excavate nurses’ character strengths and encouraging nurses to use character strengths in clinical work to promote engagement and well-being. In the meantime, interventions to improve the level of subjective well-being based on nurses’ character strengths should be considered.
14
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Job autonomy in relation to work engagement and workaholism: Mediation of autonomous and controlled work motivation

61%
Malinowska D., Tokarz A., Wardzichowska A.
International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health
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2018
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vol. 31
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issue 4
445-458
EN
Objectives This study integrates the Self Determination Theory and the Job Demands–Resource model in explaining motivational antecedents of 2 forms of excessive work: work engagement and workaholism. It specifically examines the relationship between job autonomy, situational work motivation, work engagement, and workaholism. Material and Methods The sample comprised 318 full-time employees of an international outsourcing company located in Poland. The mediation analysis was used for testing hypotheses about the mediation of autonomous and controlled motivation in the relationship between job autonomy, work engagement, and workaholism. Results The results have confirmed that autonomous motivation mediates the relationship between job autonomy and work engagement. The assumption about the mediation role of controlled motivation in the relationship between job autonomy and workaholism has not been confirmed; however, external regulation (i.e., controlled motivation) is a significant predictor of workaholism. Conclusions Giving employees more job autonomy might increase their intrinsic and identified regulation and may therefore lead to more energetic, enthusiastic, and dedicated engagement with their jobs. Workaholism may be predicted by external regulation, and work characteristics other than job autonomy may play an important role in enhancing this controlled type of motivation. Int J Occup Med Environ Health 2018;31(4):445–458
15
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The relationship between psychosocial risks and occupational functioning among miners

61%
Mościcka-Teske A., Sadłowska-Wrzesińska J., Najder A., Butlewski M.
International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health
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2018
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vol. 32
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issue 1
87-98
EN
Objectives This paper presents the results of research on the scale of psychosocial risks among miners. A comparative analysis was made, comparing the research results with the data obtained from workers in the following industries: metal, energy, chemical and construction – along with an indication of the relationship between stressful working conditions and the occupational functioning of the respondents. Material and Methods The study involved 483 adults employed in mines in Poland. The study on psychosocial risks in the workplace was performed using Psychosocial Risk Scale, developed by the Department of Health and Work Psychology of the Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Łódź, Poland. Psychosocial Risk Scale is the scientifically validated diagnostic tool and is characterized by high reliability and validity of coefficients. Results The analysis of differences in occupational functioning between miners and other workers in heavy industry provides that miners are in general more healthy, less stressed, more positive emotionally and normatively committed to work, more satisfied with work, and more stable in the employment (as opposite to turnover intention) than the other workers. The results suggest that miners with a lower level of stress functioned at work better – they evaluated their health and ability to work better than miners with a higher level of stress. Their intention to change a job was lower than among those experiencing more stress. The most pronounced effect was observed for the influence on this dimension of functioning by job context risks (the higher level of probability, and the higher t-test value). Conclusions Occupational functioning of miners in Poland is better than the other employees in heavy industry. The analysis of differences in occupational functioning dimensions provides that a lower level of psychosocial risk in a workplace is connected with a higher level of job satisfaction, positive affective and normative work commitment and a lower level of turnover intension. Int J Occup Med Environ Health. 2019;32(1):87–98
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All employees need job resources – Testing the Job Demands–Resources Theory among employees with either high or low working memory and fluid intelligence

61%
Kulikowski K., Orzechowski J.
Medycyna Pracy
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2018
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vol. 69
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issue 5
483-496
EN
Background The Job Demands–Resources Theory (JD-R) is one of the most influential theoretical frameworks for explaining work engagement. The JD-R postulates the existence of a health impairment process in which job demands lead to strain, and of a motivational process in which job resources lead to work engagement. Although cognitive functions are among the most important characteristics of employees related to job, still little is known about its moderating role in JD-R processes; hence in this study we make a novel attempt to test the invariance of JD-R propositions among employees at different levels of cognitive functioning. Material and Methods A group of 383 multioccupational employees completed a set of questionnaires measuring job resource: co-worker support, supervisor support, performance feedback; job demands: emotional demands, occupational constraints, work-home interferences; Utrecht Work Engagement Scale; Oldenburg Burnout Inventory along with 2 working memory and 3 fluid intelligence tests. Results The multigroup invariance analysis with latent variables revealed that both the health impairment process and the motivational process as postulated by JD-R are invariant across groups of employees with either high or low levels of fluid intelligence and working memory capacity. Conclusions This result provides the first piece of evidence for JD-R robustness among employees at different levels of cognitive functioning. Our findings counterintuitively suggest that employees with high cognitive functioning are not more resistant to job demands than employees with low cognitive functioning and that in order to be work-engaged they need job resources, no less than their colleagues with low cognitive functioning. Med Pr 2018;69(5):483–496
17
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Do we all agree on how to measure work engagement? Factorial validity of Utrecht Work Engagement Scale as a standard measurement tool – A literature review

61%
Kulikowski K.
International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health
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2017
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vol. 30
|
issue 2
161-175
EN
Work engagement as a predictor of health is an emerging concept in occupational science and the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale (UWES) is the most popular work engagement measurement tool. However, despite its popularity, the UWES is not free from controversy concerning its factorial validity. In this paper, 21 research studies on both UWES-9 and UWES-17 factorial validity within the confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) approach have been reviewed in order to answer the question as to which of the UWES factorial structures displays greater validity. The originally proposed threefactor structure of the UWES has been recognized as superior in 6 studies. In further 6 studies, the UWES structure with 1 general factor has been found to be superior. In 8 studies, the authors have concluded that the one- and three-factor structures could be considered equivalent. One study has failed to confirm either the one- or three-factor structure of the UWES. These ambiguous results from studies focusing on the UWES factorial validity are puzzling because they not only indicate a lack of validity for the UWES as a measurement tool but might also challenge the whole concept of work engagement as a three-factor structure of dedication, vigor and absorption. Int J Occup Med Environ Health 2017;30(2):161–175
18
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Wpływ zaangażowania w pracę na intencję odejścia z pracy w zależności od płci

61%
Gigol T., Grabarska U.
Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu
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2024
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vol. 68
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issue 1
26-37
EN
The aim of the study was to examine the relationship between staff work engagement and their turnover intention in the context of staff gender. For this purpose, a quantitative survey (N = 123) was conducted with a group of young respondents from a variety of companies in Poland. Correlation and moderation analysis was conducted. The conceptual framework of the planned behaviour model was applied. It was found that gender is a moderator of the effect of work engagement on the intention to leave a job. For women, higher work engagement translates into lower willingness to quit than for men. The sample was not statistically representative. The article deepens the understanding of the determinants of willingness to leave a job. It analyses work engagement as a predictor of leaving a job and points out the role of gender in this process. Practical implications are the following: building tools to increase work engagement in young employees, taking into account differences between men and women.
PL
Celem badania było sprawdzenie zależności między zaangażowaniem w pracę personelu a chęcią do odejścia z pracy w kontekście płci pracowników. W tym celu przeprowadzono badanie ilościowe (N = 123) w grupie młodych respondentów z różnorodnych przedsiębiorstw w Polsce. Przeprowadzono analizę korelacji i moderacji. Zastosowano ramy koncepcyjne modelu planowanych zachowań. Ustalono, że płeć jest moderatorem wpływu zaangażowania w pracę na chęć odejścia z niej. Dla kobiet większe zaangażowanie w pracę przekłada się na mniejszą chęć odejścia niż dla mężczyzn. Próba nie była statystycznie reprezentatywna. Artykuł pogłębia poznanie uwarunkowań chęci odejścia z pracy. Przeanalizowano zaangażowanie w pracę jako poprzednik odejścia z pracy i wskazano na rolę płci w tym procesie. Praktyczne implikacje: budowanie narzędzi do zwiększania zaangażowania w pracę u młodych pracowników, z uwzględnieniem różnic między kobietami a mężczyznami.
19

Czy zaangażowani pracownicy zarabiają więcej? Moderująca rola wymagań pracy w relacji zaangażowania do wynagrodzenia

51%
Pollak A., Chrupała-Pniak M.
Zarządzanie Zasobami Ludzkimi
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2019
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issue 3-4(128) „Nowe trendy i różnorodność w bezpieczeństwie pracy"
149-162
PL
Zaangażowanie w pracę jest jednym z kluczowych czynników przewagi konkurencyjnej przedsiębiorstwa. Badania dostarczają dowodów na istnienie związku między zaangażowaniem w pracę i produktywnością firmy lub zwrotem z inwestycji. Natomiast relacje zaangażowania do indywidualnej efektywności w postaci wypracowanego dochodu nie zostały jednoznacznie potwierdzone. Przeprowadzona analiza moderacji ujawniła dość nieoczekiwanie, że relacja między zaangażowaniem i dochodem jest istotna statystycznie i ujemna. Dotyczy to pracowników z niskim poczuciem zagrożenia, którym nie przeszkadzają nieprzyjemne warunki pracy oraz którzy nie czują się psychicznie obciążeni pracą, natomiast czują się w niej doceniani. W pozostałych przypadkach nie potwierdzono związków między zaangażowaniem w pracę i uzyskiwanym dochodem.
EN
Work engagement is one of the crucial factors in a company’s competitive advantage. Research provides proof of a relationship between work engagement and productivity or ROA. However, research on individual effectiveness in the form of earnings has not provided such conclusive results. Analysis of moderation has revealed that the relationship between work engagement and income is statistically significant and negative, but only in the group of employee with a low sense of threat who are not troubled by unpleasant working conditions, who do not feel psychologically burdened by work, but who do feel underappreciated. In other cases, the relationship between work engagement and income was not confirmed.
20
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Właściwości psychometryczne skali SAT-20 – nowego narzędzia do pomiaru satysfakcji z pracy

51%
Jurek P.
Zarządzanie Zasobami Ludzkimi
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2017
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issue 2(115) "Zagadnienia metodologiczne badań w obszarze ZZL" [Questions of Research Methodology in the Area of HRM]
104-126
PL
Celem artykułu jest zaprezentowanie skali SAT-20, nowego narzędzia mierzącego cztery czynniki satysfakcji z pracy, a mianowicie: z rozwoju zawodowego, z wynagrodzenia, z wykonywanych zadań oraz z relacji z innymi. Narzędzie opracowano z intencją zastosowania go w badaniach realizowanych na potrzeby diagnozy organizacji. W wyniku przeprowadzonych analiz, zarówno o charakterze eksploracyjnym, jak i konfirmacyjnym, potwierdzono czteroczynnikową strukturę skali SAT-20 oraz oszacowano jej właściwości psychometryczne. Wyniki dwóch badań, w których łącznie wzięło udział N = 1586 pracowników z różnych organizacji, pozwalają uznać SAT-20 za narzędzie rzetelne – alfa Cronbacha dla poszczególnych podskal wynosi od 0,79 do 0,88; oraz trafne – ustalono dodatni związek między badanymi czynnikami satysfakcji z pracy a zaangażowaniem w pracę oraz przywiązaniem do organizacji.
EN
The aim of this article is to present the results of research into the SAT–20 scale, a tool to measure four factors of job satisfaction—satisfaction with professional development, satisfaction with salary, satisfaction with tasks, and satisfaction with social relationships. The SAT–20 was developed for application in organizational diagnosis. As a result of performed analyzes, the fourfactorial structure of the SAT–20 was confirmed and its psychometric properties were estimated. The results of two studies involving a total of N = 1,586 employees of various organizations provide evidence of the reliability of this new tool—Cronbach’s alpha for individual subscales ranges from 0.79 to 0.88—as well as its validity—confirmation of a positive relationship among job satisfaction and work engagement as well as organizational commitment.
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