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EN
The article reviews the theoretical concepts of workaholism as well as some empirical studies. It presents two approaches: workaholism as an addiction and workaholism as a fixed habit. The author discusses the consequences of a parent’s workaholism for family, relatives and children. The last part of the article presents the autor’s model of the personality and temperament correlates of workaholism: obsessive-compulsive tendencies, some features of narcissistic personality as well as high demand for stimulation.
EN
This article attempts to point out the main problem in research on workaholism, namely over-use of the term workaholism when describing symptoms or constructs which are not related to work addiction. Workaholism has one, negative pathological/dysfunctional form and can be differentiated from the healthy forms of over-engagement (e.g. work enthusiasm). Based on the analysis of one example of research results, this article explains that the nomenclature of „workaholic“ is not applicable to the case of over-engaged employees with healthy symptoms (e.g. high work involvement and work enjoyment and high or low satisfaction with life situation). The second aim of the article is to argue that the invalid conceptualisation and measurement of workaholism can result in conclusions which do not really regard work addiction.
EN
The aim of the study presented was to verify empirically a conception of workaholism as a multidimensional syndrome. The study also investigated the notion of ‘functional’ and ‘dysfunctional’ types of workaholic, on the basis of the participants’ cognitive evaluations of their quality of life. The research group comprised Polish managers who had graduated with, or were studying to attain, a Master’s degree in Business Administration. The 137 participants completed a set of questionnaires that were based on five different research tools. Confirmatory factor analysis supported the theory that workaholism has a three-dimensional structure that includes behavioural, cognitive, and affective dimensions. Using cluster analysis, three types of worker were identified, two of which represented types of workaholic with different scores for the dimensions of workaholism and for aspects of quality of life. The research demonstrated that workaholism is a three-dimensional construct. It enabled the integration of different perspectives and also confirmed that dysfunctional and functional types of workaholic exist. Furthermore, this paper provides practical insights about workaholism for practitioners of human resources that can be used in the selection and evaluation of employees.
EN
The paper raises the question of occupational burnout as a consequence of workaholism. It presents selected results of studies carried out on a Polish sample of flexible workers, relationships between the occupational burnout variable and other psychological variables. The study has been carried out among temporary workers employed by agencies, replacement workers, workers employed under civil law contracts, social economy employees, workers employed under fixed term contracts, part-time workers, teleworkers, seasonal workers and self-employed entrepreneurs or businesspeople, using the Maslach Occupational Burnout Inventory (MBI) – General Survey and the Multidimensional Workaholism Assessment Questionnaire (WKOP) by Malwina Szpitalak.
EN
Introduction: The purpose of this study was to analyze the role of general and occupational stress in the relationship between workaholism (recognized in two ways: as addiction and as behavioral tendency) and the intensity of work-family and familywork conflict. Materials and Methods: The study included 178 working people. The survey was conducted at three stages - half a year before a holiday, right after the holiday and half a year after the holiday. The Excessive Work Involvement Scale (SZAP) by Golińska for the measurement of workaholism recognized as addiction; The Scale of Workaholism as Behavioral Tendencies (SWBT) by Mudrack and Naughton as adapted by Dudek et al for the measurement of workaholism as behavioral tendency; the Perceived Stress Scale by Cohen et al., as adapted by Juczyński for the measurement of general stress; the Scale of Occupational Stress by Stanton in the adaptation of Dudek and Hauk for measurement of occupational stress; the Scale of Work-Family Conflict WFC/FWC by Netemeyer et al. with the Polish adaptation of A.M. Zalewska. Workaholism was measured once - before a holiday, the explained and intervening variables (the level of conflicts and stress, respectively) were measured at three stages. To test the mediating role of general and occupational stress, hierarchical regression analysis as well as the method of bootstrapping were applied. Results and Conclusions: Our results indicate that general stress is an important mediator of the relationship between workaholism recognized as an addiction and work-family conflicts. Occupational stress turned out to be the only mediator in the relationship between workaholism (recognized as an addiction) and the work-family conflict, noted exclusively in the first stage of the study. Both general and occupational stress were not significant mediators in the relationship between workaholism recognized as a behavioral tendency and the conflicts described.
PL
Celem rozważań jest usystematyzowanie wiedzy na temat tego, w jaki sposób badania sondażowe opinii mogą pomóc w rozpoznaniu zjawiska pracoholizmu w organizacji. Rozważania autora bazują na dostępnej literaturze przedmiotu, a także na wynikach badania na temat przejawów i skali występowania pracoholizmu wśród pracowników Wydziału Nauk Ekonomicznych i Zarządzania UMK w Toruniu. Badania na źródłach pierwotnych zrealizowano w marcu i kwietniu 2015 roku z wykorzystaniem ankiety internetowej on-line i ankiety ogólnej na populacji 110 osób (otrzymano 26 wypełnionych kwestionariuszy). Zebrane wyniki pozwalają zauważyć symptomy zjawiska pracoholizmu w analizowanej zbiorowości. Cechują się różną intensywnością, w zależności od rodzaju symptomów (skala odwołuje się do 13 różnych grup symptomów). Refleksje zawarte w artykule są przyczynkiem do dalszej dyskusji nad diagnozowaniem i łagodzeniem skutków coraz bardziej uciążliwego zjawiska pracoholizmu. Może się to przełożyć na zwiększenie skuteczności i efektywności funkcjonowania każdego rodzaju organizacji. Artykuł ma charakter badawczy.
EN
This article aims to systematize the knowledge of how opinion surveys can help to identify the phenomenon of workaholism in the organization. Considerations of the author are based on the available literature, as well as on the results of a study on the prevalence and symptoms of workaholism among the staff of the Faculty of Economic Sciences and Management of the Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun. Research on primary sources was carried out in March and April 2015 using a survey on the overall population of 110 people (were received 26 completed questionnaires). The collected results allow to notice the symptoms of workaholism phenomenon in the analyzed population. They are characterized by a different intensity, depending on the type of symptoms (scale refers to 13 different symptoms). Reflections in the article are a contribution to the further discussion on the diagnosis and prevention of workaholism. This in turn may translate into a more effective and efficient operation of any type of organisation.
RU
Цель рассуждений – систематизировать знания о том, каким образом зондажные обследования мнений могут помочь в изучении явления трудоголизма в организации. Рассуждения автора основаны на доступной литературе предмета, а также на результатах изучения проявлений и масштаба выступления трудоголизма среди сотрудников Факультета экономических наук и управления Университета Николая Коперника в Торуне. Исследования на первоисточниках провели в марте и апреле 2015 года с использованием интернет-опроса on-line и общей анкеты на популяции в 110 человек (получили 26 заполнен- ных вопросников). Полученные результаты позволяют заметить симптомы явления трудоголизма в рассматриваемой совокупности. Им свойствена разная интенсивность, в зависимости от вида симптомов (шкала указывает 13 разных групп симптомов). Рефлексии, содержащиеся в статье, - вклад в дальнейшую дискуссию о диагнозировании и ослаблении последствий все более обременительного явления трудоголизма. Это может привести к повышению резуль- тативности и эффективности функционирования каждого вида организации. Статья имеет исследовательский характер.
EN
The subjects of this article are two polar extremes: laziness and workaholism, examined in the context of man’s lost spirituality. Contemporary forms of laziness stem from the ideological crisis and existential emptiness. These forms mutate into apathy, depression and acedia – a spiritual torpor. And what underlies all of these is atheism. Losing sight of the supernatural horizon of man’s existence inevitably leads to the impairment of his own self-understanding, including such vital aspects of his life like work, striving for self-perfection, or service and dedication to his fellow human beings. Whenever God disappears from man’s horizon, his points of reference and reasons for creativity also disappear. Seen from this perspective, workaholism appears to be a form of escape from the integrity of man’s life. It is also the result of intemperance, flowing from the materialistic anthropology which places man’s fulfillment in a purely horizontal perspective. Man – as seen in a theological perspective – is not a slave to the world. Neither has he been made for passivity and laziness. Man is invited to master the world and to transform it rationally in accordance with God’s will. Both laziness, i.e. avoiding work, and redefinition of its importance, contradict God’s plan towards man. Work and rest and feasting find their most satisfactory justification and perspective in the light of God’s Revelation.
PL
Dotychczasowe badania, w których poszukiwano związku pomiędzy postawami rodzicielskimi a kształtowaniem się tożsamości zawodowej dziecka, dotyczyły głównie motywacji dziecka do wyboru rodzaju zawodu. W centrum zainteresowania autorek znalazły się relacje w diadzie rodzic - dziecko, które są warunkiem kształtowania się stosunku do pracy stanowiącego zadanie rozwojowego okresu późnej adolescencji kobiet i mężczyzn. W badaniach wykorzystano m.in. zrewidowaną wersję Kwestionariusza Pomiaru Pracoholizmu WART-R (Wojdyło & Buczny, 2010), którzy mierzy trzy wymiary uzależnienia od pracy: kontrola, obsesja-kompulsja oraz przeciążenie pracą. Wyniki badań wskazują na postawy wymagania i niekonsekwencji ze strony rodziców jako najbardziej istotne dla kształtowania się patologicznego stosunku do pracy i tym samym dla rozwoju kariery zawodowej. Na podstawie uzyskanych wyników przypuszczać można, iż stosowane przez adolescentów strategii wysoki perfekcjonizm i obsesyjnego zajmowanie się pracą związane jest z "warunkową miłością" doświadczaną w rodzinie generacyjnej.
EN
Objectives This study integrates the Self Determination Theory and the Job Demands–Resource model in explaining motivational antecedents of 2 forms of excessive work: work engagement and workaholism. It specifically examines the relationship between job autonomy, situational work motivation, work engagement, and workaholism. Material and Methods The sample comprised 318 full-time employees of an international outsourcing company located in Poland. The mediation analysis was used for testing hypotheses about the mediation of autonomous and controlled motivation in the relationship between job autonomy, work engagement, and workaholism. Results The results have confirmed that autonomous motivation mediates the relationship between job autonomy and work engagement. The assumption about the mediation role of controlled motivation in the relationship between job autonomy and workaholism has not been confirmed; however, external regulation (i.e., controlled motivation) is a significant predictor of workaholism. Conclusions Giving employees more job autonomy might increase their intrinsic and identified regulation and may therefore lead to more energetic, enthusiastic, and dedicated engagement with their jobs. Workaholism may be predicted by external regulation, and work characteristics other than job autonomy may play an important role in enhancing this controlled type of motivation. Int J Occup Med Environ Health 2018;31(4):445–458
EN
ObjectivesA cross-sectional study was conducted to investigate whether working hours mismatch is associated with workaholism.Material and MethodsThis study used the data from the 17th wave (2014) of the nationwide Korean Labor and Income Panel Study. Workaholism was evaluated using the Workaholism Analysis Questionnaire. The final study involved 3157 subjects who answered questions regarding both workaholism and working hours mismatch. To identify the association between working hours mismatch and workaholism according to weekly working hours, a stratification analysis was conducted by dividing the number of working hours/week into 3 groups (≤40 h, 41–59 h, and ≥60 h). The odds ratios were calculated using a multiple logistic regression model, which was adjusted for potential confounders.ResultsThe workers working more hours than desired showed the greatest frequency of workaholism. As regards workaholism, in all weekly working hours groups, the odds ratios of the group working more hours than desired were 4.28, 95% CI: 2.29–7.99 (≥40 h), 2.14, 95% CI: 1.34–3.43 (41–59 h), 3.40, 95% CI: 1.60–7.21 (≤60 h), which were statistically significant compared to the reference (matched) group. There was no statistically significant relationship between working hours and workaholism when stratified according to the mismatch in working hours.ConclusionsThe workers’ working hours mismatch can be significantly related to workaholism.
Roczniki Psychologiczne
|
2015
|
vol. 18
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issue 4
541-552
PL
Analiza wyników badań dotyczących w zapowiedzi „pracoholizmu”, w tym niektórych badań polskich, wskazuje na co najmniej trzy niepokojące stany rzeczy: (a) stosowania nierzadko błędnej nomenklatury „pracoholizm” do zjawisk niezwiązanych z uzależnieniem od pracy, (b) włączania do konceptualizacji zjawiska pracoholizmu wymiarów definiujących zdrowe zapracowanie (np. zaangażowanie w pracę), które nie różnicują pracoholizmu jako zaburzenia od zjawiska zdrowego zapracowania, (c) stosowania nietrafnej interpretacji uzyskanych rezultatów badawczych, które dotyczą zdrowego zapracowania, jako opisujących uzależnienie od pracy. W komentarzu do artykułu zawarto dyskusję dotyczącą wymienionych kwestii problematycznych.
EN
The analysis of research findings, presented in previews as concerning “workaholism,” including the results of selected Polish studies, reveals at least three worrisome issues: (a) frequent misapplication of the term “workaholism” to phenomenona that are not related to work addiction, (b) expanding the conceptualization of workaholism to include dimensions defining the healthy form of high work involvement (e.g., work engagement), which do not differentiate workaholism as a disorder from the phenomenon of healthy hard work, (c) using inaccurate interpretation of research results that concern healthy high work involvement as referring to work addiction. The commentary on the article contains a discussion of the above-mentioned issues.
EN
Previous studies have shown that study addiction is related to worse academic performance among music academy students as well as in the general population of students, suggesting that excessive examination stress may impair their performance on exams. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the newly developed concept of “study addiction” and examination stress among students of music academies. Study addiction has been defined within the framework of theory and research on work addiction as a potential behavioral addiction. A cross-sectional correlational study was conducted, with a sample of 132 students of music academies in Poland. The Bergen Study Addiction Scale, assessing seven core addiction symptoms related to studying, was administered together with a commonly used measure of personality and single-item measures of examination stress and learning engagement. Multiple hierarchical regression analysis showed that study addiction was related to higher examination stress above and beyond personality traits. What is more, while study addiction showed a positive relationship with examination stress, learning engagement showed a negative association with examination stress. The results suggest that, among music academies students, study addiction is related to higher stress during exams and that study addiction and learning engagement are different constructs. Taking into account the relationship of study addiction with higher stress in situations of being evaluated, future studies are warranted that would link study addiction to music performance anxiety, which is one of the most widely studied phenomena in the psychology of music.
PL
Autor opisuje i systematyzuje dostępną i aktualną wiedzę na temat pracoholizmu. W artykule z poprzedniego numeru kwartalnika zawarto rozważania na temat istoty i definicji pracoholizmu oraz przyczyn tego zjawiska. W bieżącym tekście skoncentrowano się na symptomach i skutkach pracoholizmu. Omówione zostały także sposoby zapobiegania i leczenia tej patologii.
EN
The Author describes and systematizes available, current knowledge on the issue of workaholism. The article edited in the previous issue of the quarterly included discussion on the nature and definition of workaholism, and the reasons for this phenomenon. In the current paper the Author focused on the symptoms and effects of workaholism. Methods of preventing and treating this pathology were also discussed.
PL
Dynamika współczesnego otoczenia nieustannie przybiera na sile. Organizacje chcąc egzystować i rozwijać się w takich warunkach ulegają przyspieszeniu. Z tego względu autorki artykułu za punkt wyjścia do prowadzonych rozważań uczyniły zarysowanie istoty zjawiska przyspieszenia funkcjonowania organizacji i jego przejawów, do których zaliczają: przeciążenie pracą, wielozadaniowość, ciągłe wprowadzanie zmian i silną presję na wyniki. Pozwoliło to w dalszej części artykułu na przedstawienie konsekwencji tego zjawiska z poziomu pracowników. Autorki sugerują, że organizacje, których działalność przyspiesza są szczególnie narażone na ryzyko wystąpienia u pracowników: stresu, wypalenia zawodowego i pracoholizmu. Biorąc to pod uwagę oraz fakt, że dynamiki otoczenia nie da się zatrzymać autorki wysuwają wniosek końcowy o konieczności podejmowania przez kierownictwo organizacji działań mających na celu minimalizowanie i ograniczanie negatywnych skutków przyspieszenia. W proces ten powinny być również włączone instytucje edukacyjne i naukowe.
EN
The dynamics of the contemporary business environment intensifies continuously. In that conditions, organizations in order to exist and develop start to accelerate. Therefore authors started their considerations with defining the essence of the organizational acceleration phenomenon and its main symptoms: work overload, multi-tasking, introducing changes continuously and strong pressure on performance. Then they reflected about individual consequences of acceleration from the employees point of view. It turned out that the accelerating organizations have high risk of occupational stress, occupational burnout and workaholism of their employees. The concluding remarks are based on the assumption that organizational dynamics and acceleration is going to be common organizational situation, therefore managers should learn how to introduce practices that help in minimising negative consequences of acceleration on employees. There is need of further research and training programs that take into account organizational acceleration and situation of employees.
PL
W artykule omówiono wyniki badania patologicznych zachowań w środowisku pracy. Badanie zrealizowano wśród osób pracujących (studentów). Badanie objęło takie zagadnienia, jak: pracoholizm, wypalenie zawodowe, mobbing, a także poziom tolerancji respondentów dla wybranych przejawów zachowań patologicznych. Publikacja ma charakter doniesienia z badania i jest przyczynkiem do dalszych, pogłębionych badań i analiz.
EN
The article discusses the results of research into pathological behavior in the workplace. The study was conducted among working students. The research covered such issues as workaholism, burnout, mobbing, and the level of tolerance to selected symptoms of pathological behavior. The publication is a research report and a contribution to the further in–depth studies and analyses.
PL
Prewencja zdrowotna, redukcja stresu na stanowisku pracy oraz niedopuszczanie do pracoholizmu należą do działań mających na celu podniesienie konkurencyjności przedsiębiorstwa. Szeroko rozumiana paleta działań prozdrowotnych stała się elementem międzynarodowego współzawodnictwa, które ma dopomóc w osiągnięciu przewagi jednych gospodarek nad innymi. Zdrowi i zmotywowani pracownicy spostrzegani są jako najważniejsze aktywa firm oraz fundament gospodarczego sukcesu. Artykuł rozważa zależności pomiędzy pracoholizmen i stresem vs zdrowiem. Ukazuje korzyści związane z zakładową prewencją zdrowotną, zarówno ze strony pracodawców, jak i personelu. Opracowanie wpisuje się w aktualnie prowadzoną dyskusję, propagując zakładową promocję zdrowia, nie tylko jako przejaw humanizmu czy realizację socjalnych oczekiwań, ale także myślenia w kategoriach ekonomicznej kalkulacji zysków i strat.
EN
Health prevention, workplace stress reduction and workaholism exclusion are listed as activities which are aimed at raising the company competitiveness. Widely understood range of health promoting activities has become the element of international competition which is to help in gaining the competitive advantage by one economy over another. Healthy and motivated employees are seen as companies most important assets and a foundation of economic success. The article considers the relation between workaholism, and stress versus health. It presents benefits resulting from company health prevention from the employer’s as well as from the personnel’s point of view. Through the study, its author enters the current discussion and advertises company health promotion not only as a sign of humanism or as a fulfilment of social expectations, but also as a way thinking in terms of economic profit and loss calculation.
PL
W artykule opisano i usystematyzowano dostępną i aktualną wiedzę na temat pracoholizmu. Zawarte są w nim również rozważania na temat istoty i definicji pracoholizmu. Czytelnik znajdzie także zestawienie najczęściej przytaczanych typologii pracoholików. Omówiono też przyczyny tego zjawiska. W kolejnym numerze czasopisma pojawi się druga część publikacji, skoncentrowana na symptomach i skutkach pracoholizmu. Omówione zostaną także sposoby zapobiegania i leczenia tej patologii.
EN
The Author described and systematized available and current knowledge concerning workaholism. The article includes a discussion about the nature and definition of workaholism. The reader will also find a list of the most frequently cited typologies of workaholics. The reasons for this phenomenon were also discussed. In the next issue of the journal the reader will find the second part of the publication, focused on the symptoms and effects of workaholism. The methods of preventing and treating this pathology will also be discussed.
PL
Badanie miało na celu sprawdzenie zależności pomiędzy stylem przywiązania a zaangażowaniem w naukę u młodzieży licealnej. Streszczona została teoria przywiązania, zjawisko uzależnienia od zajęcia oraz związki poszczególnych stylów przywiązania z uzależnieniem od pracy i nauki, opisywane w literaturze przedmiotu. W badaniach własnych przebadano 239 uczniów liceum ogólnokształcącego. Spodziewano się, że najsilniejszym zaangażowaniem w naukę będą charakteryzować się osoby przywiązane unikająco oraz osoby przywiązane lękowo-ambiwalentnie. Potwierdzono, że osoby przywiązane unikająco najsilniej angażowały się w naukę. Nie stwierdzono jednak różnic między osobami przywiązanymi bezpiecznie oraz lękowo-ambiwalentnie.
EN
The main purpose of the study was to verify the relationship between attachment style and engagement in learning among high-schoolers. The attachment theory was presented, as well as workaholism, and possible relationships between attachment and work engagement described in the literature. Two hundred thirty nine high school students took part in the presented study. It was expected that the strongest engagement in learning would occur among persons who were avoidant and resistant attached. The strongest engagement in learning was noted among avoidant attached persons. There were, however, no significant differences between securely attached and resistant attached subjects.
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