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EN
The crime economy has lately become a popular field of research because of regular increases in crime rates. Economists’ interest in crime analysis goes back to Becker’s (1968) model. “Cost-benefit” analysis determined the crime preferences of rational individuals in this model. According to this analysis, if the benefit from the crime is higher than the cost to be faced, the individual will be willing to commit the crime. One of the factors studied in the crime phenomenon is migration. The main reason for migration is unemployment and poverty. The main purpose of this study is to determine the relationship between youth unemployment and crime rates by migration-receiving regions. By this purpose, aggregated crime rates, as well as non-aggregated crime rates (property crime, theft, and violent crime), were used. Also, the youth unemployment rate has been subdivided by gender differences and educational levels. We prefer to use spatial econometrics models in this study because of the unemployment rate, and crime rate showing the regional cluster pattern. Migration-receiving is considered as regions neighboring.
EN
Now, unemployment among young generation of the Europeans is one of the most crucial problems in the policy of European Union and of the Member States. The economic crisis caused social exclusion of the significant part of the youth who after graduation augments number of the unemployed. Young generation shows less interest in running own business. Fear of bankruptcy forcibly decreases economic activity. European Union for few years has been undertaking measures aiming at coordination of the systems combating unemployment in the Member States. In the same time, it has been developing programs supporting actions undertaken in various states in the field of creating jobs, vocational trainings and probations addressed to the youth. Lowering unemployment rate among the youth is one of the priorities of the strategy Europe 2020. European politicians think that unemployment may be decreased based on the active “knowledge triangles” in which education of various levels, employers and business institutions participate and act together. Economic analysts however underline that unemployment among the youth may be decreased only when global economic growth occurs.
EN
This paper investigates major factors of youth unemployment in Spain from 1999–2012 and suggests a policy reform in order to mitigate its structural youth unemployment problem. Previous work in the research area of youth unemployment in Spain has largely focused on the impact of the economic crisis on youth unemployment but failed to identify causes for the structural nature of the problem when providing policy recommendations. In the frame of this research project, a causal model consisting of twelve variables has been established and used in order to disclose which factors have been determining youth unemployment the most in Spain from 1999-2012. The relationships between each of the twelve (independent) variables and youth unemployment (dependent variable) is analyzed using SPSS. Based on the findings of this analysis, a policy recommendation to substantially decrease the youth unemployment rate in Spain is provided. This paper finds that active labor market policies (ALMP) are the key to solving the youth unemployment problem and suggests a three-step policy reform to mitigate the youth unemployment rate in Spain.
EN
Research background: The employment rate of young individuals in the labour market has considerably decreased in developed countries recently. Due to lower labour capital, skills, and generic and job-specific work experience, youth consider finding suitable job challenging. If they fail to succeed in the labour market soon after graduation, it leads to long-term unemployment, unstable and low-quality jobs, and even social exclusion. Purpose of the article: This paper aims to analyse the unemployment rate of high school-graduated students and the factors impacting this unemployment rate, such as GDP per capita, total unemployment rate, apartment price per square meter and results from state exams. Identifying the determinants affecting youth unemployment is crucial for theoretical knowledge and for policymakers to ensure youth inclusion in the economic mainstream. As a result, society can reduce social and economic costs and avoid structural problems in the future. Methods: Data about 464 Slovak high schools from National Institute for Certified Educational. Data include the graduate unemployment rate for each high school in Slovakia. Furthermore, two logistic regression models have been developed to investigate the impact of selected factors on high school graduates? unemployment rate immediately after graduation and nine months after graduation. Findings & value added: This paper indicates the existence of statistical dependency between unemployment of high school graduates and overall unemployment rate in the region, GDP per capita in the region, quality of high school education and cost of living in the region immediately after graduation. Analysis of the period nine months after graduation has shown the important decline of education quality provided by high schools. To reduce youth unemployment, the state should focus primarily on improving overall unemployment itself by implementing a dual-learning system, simplifying business opportunities, making part-time work available, or introducing lifelong learning to help transform the economy into a knowledge base.
EN
The aim of this paper is to discuss the regional labour market policy response to demographic ageing in Sweden and its consequences on the labour supply of young adults. Regions with ageing problems already experience significant problems at the labour market. The overall conclusion is that labour market policies in Sweden addressing the consequences of ageing fail to include young adults and the policies do not address regional heterogeneity regarding e.g. ageing and youth unemployment.
EN
The peculiarities of the transit of Ukrainian youth from education to labour activity and its specificity in Ukraine are studied in this article. An actual situation of the youth segment of the labour market and main causes of youth unemployment, in particular by age groups 15-24, 25-30, 30-34 are analyzed by the authors. Theoretical principles of the transit of Ukrainian youth from education to decent employment, classification features developed by the ILO for differentiation of processes of integration of young people into the labour market are considered. Essence of transit, criteria of decent employment, stages of transition from education to work and three stages of transit are determined. The authors propose the measures to improve the situation with youth employment, to regulate youth unemployment and to increase the success of the transition of youth from education to work in Ukraine.
PL
Celem artykułu jest zaprezentowanie zróżnicowania wskaźnika NEET wśród państw UE-28 na podstawie najnowszych badań statystycznych Eurostatu. Analiza obejmuje przedział czasowy od roku 2008, jako okresu pokryzysowego, aż do roku 2018. Efektem realizacji celu pracy powinna być odpowiedź na pytanie, jak zmieniła się sytuacja NEETs na przestrzeni dekady. Problem badawczy w niniejszym artykule dotyczy przede wszystkim sytuacji młodych ludzi na rynku pracy UE. W związku z utrzymującym się negatywnym trendem wysokiego bezrobocia wśród młodzieży, wydaje się być uzasadnione przeanalizowanie go z perspektywy dziesięcioletniej, która pozwala na bardziej kompleksową ocenę zagadnienia. Analiza zostanie uzupełniona o badanie dotyczące tego, w jaki sposób z problemem radzi sobie Holandia, czyli państwo, które od lat notuje najniższe wskaźniki NEETs i dla wielu innych członków UE pozostaje wzorem do naśladowania.
EN
The aim of the article is to compare a NEET rate in EU-28 countries based on the most recent Eurostat statistical studies, and to solve a research problem concerning the situation of youth on the job market through answering a research question how did the NEETs situation change in the period under question which is 2008–2018. An increase of the negative trend of high unemployment among young people is constant, therefore it seems justified for the analysis to cover the period of ten years, which assumingly allows for the more complex assessment of the investigated issue. The analysis is supplemented by the case study of Netherlands which has the lowest NEET rate and as such stands as the example for the other European countries to follow.
PL
Przedmiotem artykułu jest sytuacja młodzieży NEET (niepracującej i nieuczestniczącej w formalnej edukacji, ang. not in employment, education or training) w Polsce na tle Europy. W artykule autorzy przedstawiają zróżnicowanie udziału młodzieży NEET w krajach europejskich, zwracając szczególną uwagę na młodzież bezrobotną oraz przedwcześnie porzucającą edukację. Diagnozują sytuację młodzieży NEET w Polsce za pomocą ekspercko-statystycznego modelu monitorowania sytuacji na rynku pracy oraz wskaźnika syntetycznego sytuacji młodzieży na rynku pracy i na tej podstawie wskazują możliwości poprawy sytuacji młodzieży NEET. Szczególne możliwości w tym zakresie przypisują rozwojowi kompetencji przedsiębiorczych tej młodzieży, wskazując jako celowe wykorzystanie programów edukacyjnych współfinansowanych ze środków unijnych, mających na celu kształtowanie postaw przedsiębiorczych, w szczególności osiągnięć projektu RLG (ang. „Reaching the Lost Generation”). Program ten może być wykorzystany m.in. w ramach lekcji podstaw przedsiębiorczości, zarówno jako element programu kształcenia opartego na aktualnie obowiązującej podstawie programowej dla szkół ponadgimnazjalnych, jak i w przyszłości w programach opartych na nowej podstawie programowej dla szkół średnich.
EN
The subject of the article is the situation of NEET youth (ang. not in employment, education or training) in Poland against Europe. In the article, the authors present the diversity of the share of youth NEET in European countries, paying special attention to unemployed young people and early school leavers. They diagnose the situation of NEETs in Poland using an expert-statistical model of monitoring the situation on the labour market and an indicator of the synthetic situation of young people on the labour market, and on this basis indicate the opportunities for improving the situation of NEETs. Special opportunities in this respect are attributed to the development of their entrepreneurial skills, indicating the deliberate use of educational programs co-financed from EU funds, aimed at shaping entrepreneurial attitudes (in particular, the achievements of the RLG project). This program can be used, inter alia, as part of entrepreneurship classes, both as part of a curriculum based on the current core curriculum for upper secondary schools and in the future in programs based on the new core curriculum for secondary schools.
PL
Celem przeprowadzonych badań była analiza intensywności wychodzenia z bezrobocia osób w wieku 18-25 lat. Kohortą były osoby bezrobotne zarejestrowane w 2012 roku i obserwowane do końca 2013 roku. Zdarzeniem kończącym epizod było wyrejestrowanie z powodu podjęcia pracy. Pozostałe dane przyjęto za cenzurowane. Tablice kohortowe zostały skonstruowane w oparciu o dane indywidualne z Powiatowego Urzędu Pracy w Szczecinie. Intensywności wychodzenia z bezrobocia zostały porównane w podgrupach (płeć i wykształcenie). W badaniu postawiono hipotezę, że poziom wykształcenia wpływa na intensywność podejmowania pracy.
EN
The aim of this study was to analyze the intensity of leaving unemployment at the age 18-25. The cohort has consisted of unemployed individuals registered in 2012 and observed by the end of 2013. The event regarded as the one ending the unemployment spell has been the moment of an individual’s de-registration from the PLO due to finding employment. The remaining data have been considered censored. We have constructed the cohort tables on the basis of individual data provided by the Poviat Labour Office in Szczecin. We have compared the intensities of unemployment exits in the subgroups (gender and education). The study verified the hypothesis that the level of education influences the intensity of making work.
EN
The paper deals with evolution of application of dual education system of education in Poland during last decade. The scale of application this system declined during last decade. The author tries to explain what are the factors expansible for this decline. The paper deals with three barriers of application of dual system in Poland: lack of motivation, lack of cooperation schools with employers and institutional factors.
PL
W artykule analizuje się główne przyczyny szybko rosnącego bezrobocia młodzieży w Polsce. Autor prezentuje oryginalny projekt wdrożenia dualnego systemu kształcenia zawodowego, który integruje kształcenie teoretyczne i praktyczne na stanowiskach pracy. Artykuł zawiera analizę głównych przesłanek wdrożenia systemu kształcenia dualnego, główne elementy programu i etapy jego wdrożenia w Polsce oraz trzy główne bariery jego wdrożenia w Polsce: (1) niskiej motywacji młodzieży, (2) braku zintegrowanego systemu finansowania i (3) bariery instytucjonalne.
PL
W artykule zdefiniowano pojęcie „centra usług offshore” oraz zaprezentowano offshoring ja-ko element „nowej gospodarki”. Ponadto określono związek pomiędzy offshoringiem jako ele-mentem „nowej gospodarki” a jego wpływem na spadek bezrobocia w grupie wiekowej 15–34 lat w Polsce. W badaniach stwierdzono wzrastający udział zatrudnionych w centrach usług offshore w ogólnej liczbie zatrudnionych w sektorze nowoczesnych usług. Najwyższy udział zatrudnionych w centrach usług offshore odnotowano w Krakowie, a największy przyrost zatrudnienia w centrach usług offshore na przestrzeni lat 2008–2010 we Wrocławiu. Nie stwierdzono silnej korelacji pomiędzy udziałem zatrudnionych w centrach usług offshore w ogólnej liczbie zatrudnionych w sektorze nowoczesnych usług biznesowych, a udziałem bezrobotnych w grupie wiekowej 15–34 lat w ogólnej liczbie bezrobotnych. Związek ten nasilił się w 2010 roku w porównaniu do 2008 roku. Wskazuje to, że centra usług offshore zyskują na znaczeniu jako pracodawcy dla młodych ludzi.
EN
The aim of the article was to define the term “offshore service centers” and present the phenomenon of offshoring as a element of “new economy”. Moreover, the relation between offshoring as a element of the “new economy” and its impact on decrease of unemployment among people aged 15 to 34 in Poland, has been defined. In the research, the increasing share of the employed in offshore service centers as to the total number of the employed in modern business service sector has been shown. Further, the highest number of the employed in offshore service centers was noted in Kraków, and the greatest growth of employment in offshore service centers (between 2008 and 2010) took place in Wrocław. There was not a significant correlation between the share of the employed in offshore service centers and the share of the unemployed (aged 15 – 34) in the total number of unemployed people. The correlation was stronger in 2010 than in 2008. The above shows the increasing role of the offshore service centers as the employer of young people in Poland.
EN
Unemployment among young people is one of the most important challenges of the European labor market. It is also a strategic issue of the Polish labor market. The strategic importance of this problem causes an increased interest not only on European Union level, but also on the country one. Researchers tend to identify reasons for this state of affairs, and attempts to mitigate this phenomenon. This article is part of a movement seeking solutions to the youth unemployment problem. The purpose of it is to describe the essence of self-employment, and the indication of the advantages of this form of economic activity on the labor market especially in the context of activation of young people. The article is divided into the following sections. First, it shows the status quo of youth unemployment in Poland. Subsequently, we discuss the essence of self-employment and bring closer to its’ characteristics. In the last part of the article we indicated the advantages and disadvantages of self-employment as an alternative economic activity of young people.
PL
Bezrobocie wśród osób młodych jest jednym z najpoważniejszych wyzwań europejskiego rynku pracy, w tym i rynku pracy w Polsce. Strategiczna istotność tego problemu powoduje, że zarówno na poziomie UE, jak i naszego kraju identyfikowane są powody tego stanu rzeczy oraz podejmowane próby łagodzenia tego zjawiska. Niniejszy artykuł wpisuje się w nurt poszukiwania rozwiązań problemu, jakim jest bezrobocie osób młodych, gdyż celem jego jest przybliżenie istoty samozatrudnienia oraz wskazanie zalet tej formy aktywności zawodowej na rynku pracy, zwłaszcza w kontekście aktywizacji osób młodych. Artykuł został podzielony na kilka części. Po pierwsze, przedstawiono status quo bezrobocia osób młodych w Polsce. Kolejno, omówiono istotę samozatrudnienia i przybliżono jego charakterystykę. W ostatniej części artykułu wskazano zalety i wady samozatrudnienia jako alternatywnego sposobu aktywności zawodowej osób młodych.
PL
Autorka omówiła psychologiczne konsekwencje pozostawania bez pracy oraz zanalizowała bezrobocie wśród młodzieży w latach 1993-1997 w województwie tarnowskim. Przedstawiła inicjatywy przeciwdziałania bezrobociu prowadzone przez Rejonowy Urząd Pracy w Tarnowie wspólnie z Tarnowskim Ośrodkiem Pomocy Psychologicznej.
EN
Paper made by an employment adviser of the Regional Employment Office in Tarnów, a psychologist by profession, shows common attitudes of unemployed graduates. Despair, hopelessness and idleness are main barriers to take up a job. These are psychological consequences of being unemployed, because a job constitutes certain value in itself for everybody. The authoress emphasizes the need of being active and getting to know yourself, your strengths and rules of effective job-hunting, which guarantee achieving professional success by everyone, and especially by a graduate. For young people, their own activity, ability to use professional information and various forms of help offered by the local Employment Office, become a great chance for them on a local labour market. Passiveness, torpidity and lying the responsibility for being unemployed with institutions or with situation of socio-economic transfer occurring in the country become their threat. Thus, only self-involvement in job-hunting becomes a "key" to professional success. This paper also includes statistical data on a condition and structure of unemployment recorded in a REO in Tarnów. Detailed analysis of an unemployment phenomena occurring among young people shows an importance of the problem and necessity to take up appropriate actions.
EN
Precariat is aglobal problem that needs to be overcome, but the effective ways to stop it are still being search for. Prof. Guy Standing in his book gave proposals for changes that could stop precariat. The main postulate of auniversal guaranteed income, which is alow salary from the state supplemented by income from ad hoc work. Besides postulates of asystemic change in income redistribution (for example: taxes or tax credit), amental and systemic change is suggested in the system of banking and insurance as well as alegally specified maximum income, common goods, limiting corporate power and strengthening of civil society. The methods of countering the problem are various depending on the views. It will surely be along fight and it requires anumber of socioeconomic changes. The European Union began his fight with precariat — 24 countries meeting in Paris, in November 2013, have decided on aguarantee of employment for young people within two years. The program is called “guarantee for the young” and it stipulates that any person under 25 years of age without ajob is offered apost, training or practice within four months. This project also implies: encouraging young people to raise the education and undertake new training, providing assistance in entering the labor market or teaching entrepreneurship and motivating young people to start their own businesses. But the question arises here whether some of these proposals are not a problem of precarity right now? Governments should realize that this problem can no longer be concealed. The patience of the group is already exhausted and now it is starting to go out on the streets and cause big problems.
PL
Zbadano szczegóły polityki socjalnej UE. Udowodniono, iż Unia rozwiązuje tradycyjne problemy poszerzenia kompetencji swoich struktur oraz zwiększenia liczby instytucji socjalnych poziomu komunitarnego, wyrównywania socjalno-gospodarczego krajów – członków UE oraz zbliżenia się narodowych systemów gwarancji socjalnych. Jednak w realizacji idei harmonizacji zasad życiowych oraz pracy przeszkadzają odmienności w zakresie standardów socjalnych krajów bogatych i biednych, niedostateczne poziomy kwalifikacji pracowników odnośnie zajmowanych stanowisk, wywołane bezrobociem, jak również odmienności w realizacji polityki socjalnej.
EN
The peculiarities of the EU social policy are considered. It is proved that it solves the traditional issues of the expansion of its competence and increasing the number of social institutions at the community level, socio-economic alignment of the EU member states and the convergence of national social security systems. But the implementation of the idea of harmonization of living and working standards is prevented by a large gap between social standards between rich and poor member states, the discrepancy between job qualifications and skills, problems caused by the longstanding and youth unemployment and the difference in the social policy methods and the reluctance of some countries to delegate powers of the mentioned field to the EU.
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2015
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vol. 18
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issue 2
161-179
EN
In recent years the issue of youth unemployment has been identified as one of the most pressing for young people, who are affected particularly hard by the economic crisis in the European Union. In response, the EU institutions have designed and introduced a complex mix of political instruments, agencies, programmes and studies that are supposed to establish a complementary and systemic approach to education and youth policies. Youth policy, as a socioeconomic field of EU political intervention began in 2014 to be subject to a paradigm of employability and “the economy of fighting the crisis”, including issues such as non-formal and informal learning and youth work outside of schooling systems. Thus the EU policy in question has significantly shifted from “personal and cultural development, and inspiring a sense of active citizenship among young people,” as it was formulated in the Youth in Action Programme 2006-2013, towards “the acquisition of professional skills of youth workers, validation systems of non-formal learning, and greater complementarities with formal education and training”, as it is formulated in the Youth Sector of the EU programme for Education - Erasmus+ 2014-2020. The objective of this article is to provide a comparative insight into the context that frames the design of EU policies aimed at mitigating the phenomenon of unemployment among young people, and to show how this has changed in light of the new EU programming period.
PL
W ostatnich latach problem bezrobocia wśród młodzieży w Unii Europejskiej został zidentyfikowany jako palący, zważywszy na to, iż grupa ta została szczególnie dotknięta przez kryzys gospodarczy. W odpowiedzi na kryzys instytucje UE zaprojektowały złożoną siatkę politycznych instrumentów, agencji, programów i inicjatyw, które służyć mają ustanowieniu systemowego podejścia do polityki w zakresie kształcenia i młodzieży w Europie. W 2014 polityka młodzieżowa UE jako jedna z dziedzin interwencji politycznej została podporządkowana nowemu paradygmatowi „gospodarki walczącej z kryzysem”. Także w odniesieniu do edukacji pozaformalnej i nieformalnej oraz pracy z młodzieżą, która prowadzona jest głównie poza systemem edukacji szkolnej, polityka UE znacznie zmieniła cele strategiczne, odchodząc od „rozwoju osobistego i kulturalnego oraz wzmacniania poczucia aktywnego obywatelstwa wśród młodych ludzi” (Program „Młodzież w działaniu” 2006-2013), na rzecz „nabycia umiejętności zawodowych, stworzenia systemów walidacji uczenia się pozaformalnego i większej komplementarności wobec formalnego kształcenia i szkolenia” (Program „Erasmus + Młodzież” 2014-2020). Celem niniejszego artykułu jest analiza porównawcza społeczno-ekonomicznego kontekstu, który określa, w jaki sposób UE projektuje swoje polityki służące redukcji zjawiska bezrobocia wśród młodych ludzi, oraz jak podejście to zmieniło się w świetle instrumentów finansowych w nowym okresie programowania.
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