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1

Zamek w Sztumie w świetle badań archeologiczno-architektonicznych z 2019 roku

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Wasik B.
Pomorania Antiqua
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2020
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vol. Tom XXIX
s. 195-222
EN
In the second half of the 19th and early 20th century first scientific studies of the castle were created by German scientists. Architectural research was carried out in the 1980s, but the castle was never subject to extensive archaeological and architectural research. Over the past decades, researchers usually have tended to repeat older views. New information was brought by historians' research a few years ago. Extensive archaeological and architectural research of the castle began in 2019. They also included the analysis of test trenches made in 2018 under the supervision of Zbigniew Sawicki and Ewa Fudzińska. There functioned a view that the castle was likely built in place of an Old Prussian stronghold. Current research, however, forces us to reject it. As for the chronology of the masonry castle construction, it was associated with the first mentions of officials related Sztum (1330s). The information about the foundation of the fortalicium by Albrecht III Habsburg in 1377 instead, was associated with the addition of one of the three castle towers. However, current research has negated this interpretation. All towers were erected at the beginning of the castle construction. The dating of the archaeological material confirms that the construction of the castle began as late as in the second half of the 14th century, i.e. in connection with the foundation of 1377. The research also brought new knowledge about the spatial arrangement and construction techniques of the castle. In trenches 1 and 4–4a, the foundations of half-pillars of the defensive wall’s arcades were documented. In addition, the walls of the eastern tower and the adjacent second castle gate were unearthed (trenches 2–2a and 5a), which were built together with the perimeter wall of the complex. The layout of the slopes and moat layers was recognised (trenches Nos. 7, 11, 13 and drillings). The layouts of construction embankments were also recognised inside the castle (trenches 1–1a, 2–2a–2b, 4–4a–4b and 12). As for the internal buildings, relics of the house of grand masters have been identified in the southeastern part of the castle (trenches 1–1a, 6, 8). It was found that in the Middle Ages, the space between the southeastern outbuilding and the eastern tower was built up (trenches 2–2a). In the north presence of the medieval and early post-medieval phase of economic buildings (trench 12) was found, while in the west the existence of the building in the Middle Ages was not confirmed (trench 4–4a–4b). The relics of the west wing discovered there come from the post-medieval period.
2
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Funkcje siedzib drobnych urzędników krzyżackich na obszarze komturstw człuchowskiego i tucholskiego

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Knyżewski M.
Amor Fati
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2015
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issue 4
193-204
EN
Article relates to functions of castles and manors that belonged to minor officials Teutonic in south Pomerelia (komturship Człuchów and Tuchola). These areas had provincial character in the State of the Teutonic Knights. Castles and manors of komturship seem to be typical in terms of its functions to other such facilities in the former monastic state in Prussia. The most interest-ing thing in terms of residential tasks seem mansions in Kosobudy, Debrzno and Chojnice. The first of them could be the temporary residence of high dignitaries. Debrzno and Chojnice may not have a permanent crew. Noteworthy is the fact that most of these objects probably did not present a strongly defensive forms. Probably all or almost all (question as in the case of urban mansions) seat monastic functions in relation to the breeding and cultivation.
3
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Techniki budowy zamków w typie kasztelu w państwie krzyżackim w Prusach

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Wasik B.
Ochrona Zabytków
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2018
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issue 2
33-60
PL
W artykule scharakteryzowane zostały techniki budowy zamków regularnych (kasztelowych) w Prusach. Wznoszono je od ok. 1280 r., kiedy to stabilizacja i rozwój państwa stworzyły podstawy do rozwoju monumentalnej architektury. Okres ten charakteryzuje ilościowy i jakościowy rozwój budownictwa. Wysoka klasa architektury szła w parze z rozwojem technik budowlanych i realizacją przemyślanych inwestycji. Nowsze badania wskazują, że zamki kasztelowe budowano według podobnych schematów, począwszy od wyboru miejsca budowy, przez projektowanie, porządek prac murarskich, po wielki nakład prac ziemnych. Cechy te, powtarzalne do pocz. XV w., wskazują na obecność ugruntowanej tradycji budowlanej w Prusach.
EN
The article describes the techniques of building regularly-shaped castles (Castelle) in Prussia. They started to appear around 1280, when the stabilization and development of the state provided a basis for the development of monumental architecture. This period is characterized by rapid advances in architecture, both in quantitative and in qualitative terms. The development of high-class architecture was accompanied by progress in building techniques and the completion of well thoughtout investments. More recent studies indicate that castellum-type castles were built according to similar patterns, ranging from the choice of a construction site, through design, order of masonry work, to extensive earthworks. These features, repetitive until the beginning of the 15th century, evidence the presence of a well-established building tradition in Prussia.
4

Zamek w Sztumie w świetle badań archeologiczno-architektonicznych z 2021 roku

100%
Wasik B.
Pomorania Antiqua
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2022
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vol. Tom XXXI
125–146
EN
The excavations of the castle in Sztum carried out in 2021 were a continuation of the works from 2019. First, however, in 2020, GPR survey was carried out, the results of which made it possible to clarify the location of the planned trenches and raised new research questions. In the course of the excavations, the knowledge about the spatial arrangement of the buildings studied so far was supplemented, and objects not covered by the works to date were identified. In test trench No. 17 was positively verified the anomaly, interpreted as an alleged partition wall of the great masters’ house, which allowed for a more complete reconstruction of the interior layout of this building. In trench No. 14, the northern range of the eastern gate building was captured, which, as it turned out, was similar in size to the western gate. The interior of the building was lowered in relation to the surrounding area, and there was a drawbridge trapdoor under the gate opening. Therefore, communication in the interior took place on a wooden bridge. Remains of economic buildings were unearthed in trenches Nos. 15 and 16. In the Middle Ages, there were stables and the mayor’s coach house here. The post-medieval stables were much larger than the previous ones. Their walls were made in timber-framed construction and based on a foundation of stones without mortar. In trench No. 20, a rich stratigraphy was identified at the northern wall, separating several sequences of layers of construction embankments. In trenches Nos. 18 and 19, the dimensions of the post-medieval western house were captured and the technique of its foundation was recognized. At the western gate, a previously unknown castle house was identified, which can be interpreted as gemach of the great commander. In trenches Nos. 21 and 22 marked out in the southern part of the courtyard, and with the help of the axis of the boreholes, the location and layout of the office from the 16th century was identified. It was a timber-framed building, built on solid and deeply set point foundations. In trench No. 21, a layer with Bronze Age pottery was also found under the humus from before the construction of the castle. In trench No. 23, located at the western wall of the moat, the chronological relation of this structure to the town wall was recognized. It turned out that the western wall of the moat was slightly shifted to the east in relation to the present structure. The negatives and a small destruct have survived, but based on the stratigraphy analysis, it can be concluded that the town wall was added to the perimeter of the moat at a later stage of construction. The conducted research made it possible to supplement the knowledge about the spatial arrangement and transformations of the castle. It was an object that stood out among the castle architecture of Prussia - on a daily basis the seat of the mayor, but evidently built with a residential function for great masters in mind.
5
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Produkty wykorzystywane w przepisach krzyżackich. Analiza wybranych przykładów z krzyżackich ksiąg kucharskich

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Śliczyńska J. E.
Zeszyty Naukowe Ostrołęckiego Towarzystwa Naukowego
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2016
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vol. Zeszyt
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issue XXX
328-335
EN
The present analysis of dishes and cooking ingredients, used in kitchens of Teutonic castles, is based old Teutonic cookery books. The books include numerous records which change our ideas concerning preparing and making dishes, and the ingredients that were used to make them. They are often different from contemporary dishes, their content and products used in kitchens. There are also differences between the way in which some products were used in Teutonic castles and the way they are used now, especially grease, including ever-present lard. Some additives, for example, flower petals were and are still used, but only some of them were commonly used in Teutonic Knights’ cuisine, for instance violet petals. Some culinary compositions may seem bold and unique, or even inedible, not prepared in contemporary times. We have to remember, however, about the limited possibilities of the Teutonic cuisine, and their sources. We also have to consider different culinary tastes of the Teutonic Knights, and general taste which is not similar to that of our contemporary times.
PL
Rozważania nad potrawami i artykułami spożywczymi, wykorzystywanymi do przygotowania potraw i zapasów, w kuchniach na zamkach krzyżackich, czerpiemy ze źródeł zawierających opisy tychże, czyli ze starych krzyżackich ksiąg kucharskich. Wiele w nich jest zapisów, które znacznie zmieniają nasze wyobrażenie o przygotowaniu, sporządzaniu potraw, a także o składnikach, użytych do ich wytworzenia. Wielokrotnie odbiegają one od dzisiejszych potraw, ich składu lub też produktów użytych do ich sporządzenia. Istnieją też różnice w wykorzystywaniu niektórych produktów spożywczych, spotykanych zarówno w analizowanych czasach, na zamkach krzyżackich, a ich współczesnym wykorzystaniu, np. dotyczy to przede wszystkim tłuszczy, w tym wszechobecnego smalcu. Niektóre z dodatków, np. płatki kwiatowe były i są wykorzystywane cały czas, ale tylko niektóre z nich miały powszechne zastosowanie w ówczesnej kuchni krzyżackiej, jak np. płatki kwiatów fiołka. Niektóre kompozycje kulinarne wydają się niekiedy bardzo śmiałe i unikalne, lub wręcz niejadalne, nieprzyrządzane współcześnie. Musimy jednak pamiętać o ograniczonych możliwościach kuchni krzyżackiej, a przede wszystkim możliwościach jej zaopatrzenia. Do tego trzeba dołączyć inne odmienne często gusty kulinarne Krzyżaków oraz smak, który niekoniecznie jest tożsamy z naszym współczesnym.
6
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Kultura materialna na wybranych zamkach krzyżackich w świetle inwentarzy zawartych w Ostpreussische Folianten i Ordens Brief Archiv zachowanych w Geheimes Staatsarchiv Preussischer Kulturbesitz Berlin-Dahlem

80%
Gancewski J., Śliczyńska J. E.
Zeszyty Naukowe Ostrołęckiego Towarzystwa Naukowego
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2015
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vol. Zeszyt
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issue XXIX
171-182
EN
Material culture in this aspect relates primarily to the equipment of utility rooms connected with kitchen utensils of different kind kept in castles – kitchen equipment, dishes of everyday use as well as tableware to be used during the grand masters’ ceremonial feasts. It is significant to mention the period analysed since the turn of the 14th and the 15th centuries is the time in which the largest food supplies noted in the sources were gathered in the larders of Teutonic castles. Moreover, the trade and economic organization of the Order of Teutonic Knights was strongly developing. State of the Teutonic Order had a strong position in the European trade market at that time.
PL
Kultura materialna rozpatrywana w niniejszym opracowaniu dotyczy przede wszystkim wyposażenia pomieszczeń gospodarczych związanych z przechowywanymi na zamkach krzyżackich różnego rodzaju utensyliami kuchennymi – sprzętem kuchennym, naczyniami użytku codziennego, a także zastawą stołową przeznaczoną na uczty komturów i wielkich mistrzów. Nie bez znaczenia jest również przedział czasowy poddany analizie, bowiem przełom XIV i XV wieku jest to okres, w którym źródła zawierają najwięcej informacji na temat zapasów zgromadzonych w spiżarniach zamków krzyżackich. Ponadto, silnie rozwijająca się wówczas organizacja gospodarcza i handlowa zakonu krzyżackiego sprzyjała powstawaniu takich zapasów. Państwo krzyżackie w Prusach miało wówczas silną pozycję na rynkach europejskich.
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