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PL
Zieliński w liście do Orpiszewskiego napisał: „Ponieważ niechcący weszliśmy z sobą w literacką korespondencję bardzo mi przyjemnie będzie nadal ją przedłużyć, tym więcej, że to jest przedmiot, o którym zawsze i rozprawiać i pisać lubiłem”. Miłośnikiem książek był od wczesnej młodości. Świadectwem tego są zapiski zamieszczone w młodzieńczym Dzienniku (G. Zieliński, Dzienniki mojego życia, Dział Zbiorów Specjalnych. Biblioteka im. Zielińskich w Płocku, rkps. 777). Na syberyjskim zesłaniu pasji tej nie porzucił. Literatura, nie tylko w jego przypadku, ale i innych zesłańców, stawała się swoistym sacrum, przynosiła iluzję normalności. Stąd ogromna rola, jaką odgrywały zesłańcze księgozbiory. Znana jest w tej dziedzinie rola Piotra Moszyńskiego czy spadkobiercy jego inicjatywy Onufrego Pietraszkiewicza. Zieliński nie stworzył na zesłaniu ogromnego księgozbioru. Uczynił to dopiero po powrocie. Ale korespondencja z Orpiszewskim pokazuje, w jaki sposób pomagał zesłańcom przebywającym w oddalonych od Polski guberniach zaspokoić potrzebę kontaktu i to nie tylko z polską literaturą, a jego korespondencyjne refleksje stają się notatkami z dyskusji krytycznoliterackiej. 
EN
Zieliński wrote in a letter to Orpiszewski: “since we have inadvertently entered into literary correspondence with each other, it will be a pleasure for me to extend it, considering it is a subject that I have always liked to talk and write about.” He was a book lover from his early youth. This is evidenced by the notes published in the youthful diary (Gustaw Zieliński Diaries of My Life ms. 777. Department of Special Collections, Zielińscy Library in Płock). He did not abandon this passion during his Siberian exile. Literature, not only in his case, but also other exiles, became a kind of sacrum, and brought the illusion of normality. Hence, the substantial role played by the exile book collections. The role of Piotr Moszyński, or the successor to his initiative, Onufry Pietraszkiewicz, has been recognised in this matter. Zieliński did not create a large collection of books during the exile. He did not do that until he had returned. But the correspondence with Orpiszewski shows how he helped the exiles staying in provinces remote to Poland, to satisfy their need for contact, not only with Polish literature though, and his correspondence reflections are becoming notes from a literary critical discussion.
EN
With the re-entry of the Red Army into Poland in 1944, another phase of Soviet repressions began. The internees (deprived of liberty without being sentenced by any judicial body) members of the Polish Independence Underground were held mainly in the camps subordinated to GUPVI NKVD. They were camps in Ostashkov, Ryazan and Borovichy, among many others. A special role was played by the „Smersh” counter-intelligence camp in Kharkov, to which high-ranking representatives of various divisions of the independence underground had been sent. Considering living conditions prevailing in those camps, it should be acknowledged that they depended enormously on the composition of the prisoners. In the camp in Ryazan, where mainly officers of the independence underground were kept, the living conditions were much better than in the camp in Borovichy, where the rank-and-file soldiers of the Home Army and the Peasants’ Battalions were imprisoned. This concerned a food system, sanitary and hygienic conditions, medical care, as well as type of work performed by the prisoners. The best living conditions were in the Kharkov camp, although the internees were completely isolated from the outside world.
EN
What Maria Karasińska has left behind, is a short diary “Memories from Siberia” (May 1940 – May 1946). It tells the reader that she was born in Lviv on March 25, 1914 and wanted to be pianist. Having graduated from high school, she started learning singing and piano at the Lviv Conservatoire. The war interrupted her education, and in 1940 (more specifically, the night of 12/13 April) she was deported with her family to Kazakhstan, to the East Kazakhstan Region. Karasińska, who was frail and feeble, had to perform heavy physical work, such as carrying heavy wet peat. Despite a series of sad experiences, diseases and death of her relatives, she persevered. She returned to Poland in June 1946 and continued to learn singing at the age of 33. For twenty five years or so, she gave concerts as a soloist at the Mining Philharmonic, later renamed the Silesian Philharmonic. She died on August 15, 2005 in Zabrze. She is remembered as a highly popular and respected artist.
EN
The article describes the process of detaining civilians by the agents of NKVD nad SMERSH (counter-intelligence agency in the Red Army) in the years 1944–1945, when the Red Army was entering to Central and Eastern Europe. The fortunes of arrested by soviets are presented by the example of one of three crucial camps located in Siberia, where people detained in 1945 were sent; between them there were also Poles – mainly from Eastern Pomerania and Upper Silesia. It was camp number 503 with its headquarters in Kemerowo. Basic historical records used in the study are reports written by the camp’s management to Main Administration for Affairs of Prisoners of War and Internees (GUPVI) and the witnesses’ accounts of their stay in the camp. The article describes the organization of the camp, living conditions of the detainees, the ways of employing them in siberian industry, question of deaths and comeback of these prisoners, who managed to survive the stay in the camp.
PL
Artykuł powstał na podstawie analizy ról polskich matek w kontekście zmian społecznych, w których uczestniczyły rodziny polskie w związku z ich deportacją w głąb Związku Radzieckiego w 1940 roku. Autorki zaprezentowały życie deportowanych osób w kontekście procesów kreowania enklaw społecznych, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem sposobów, w jaki zesłańcy kształtowali na nowo środowiska społeczne. Z uwagi na fakt, że środowiska te były pod pewnymi względami odseparowane od szerszego społeczeństwa,można stwierdzić, że zesłańcy uczestniczyli w kształtowaniu enklaw. Główne pytanie, na jakie odpowiedziano w artykule, brzmi: „W jakim sensie życie osób zesłanych w głąb ZSRR naznaczone było (lub jest) enklawowością?”. Odpowiadając na to pytanie, autorki zwracają uwagę na napięcie istniejące między procesem przystosowywania się do nowego środowiska (proces inkluzji) a modyfikacją i zarzucaniem pewnych wartości i norm (proces ekskluzji). Autorki opisują procesy utrzymywania tradycyjnych wzorów kulturowych, wartości i norm społecznych z czasów przed zesłaniem oraz koniecznością ich adaptacji do nowych warunków zastanych w miejscu zesłania.
EN
The text is based on the former analysis of Polish women’s activities in the context of social changes in the aftermath of being deported deep into the Soviet Union in the 1940s. More specifically, the paper presents deportees’ life as a process of creating social enclaves. We describe the way the exiled were forced to shape new social environments, separated in some respects, namely – the enclaves. The main question is: In which way were the lives of Poles exiled to the USSR during the WW II marked and shaped by the process of creating enclaves? The tension between tendencies displayed while adjusting to the new environment (inclusion) and the process of challenging some values and norms (exclusion) are pointed out. In the paper, the process of maintaining the ties reaching back to the times prior to the exile and the necessity of adapting old norms, values and cultural factors to the new context of deportation are also explained. The text is chronologically ordered and opens with the description of first arrests and transportations. Arrests, transportation to the USSR, living in exile and coming back to Poland are described. Some aspects of functioning of former deportees in the present are also addressed. The lives of deportees during the exile and after it as well created a kind of a different social world , which had features of enclaves.
EN
The archives documenting the life of Poles in Siberia, located in the Tobol'sk branch of the Tyumen Oblast National Archive, are to this day completely unexplored by Polish historians. A hand-copied catechism, associated with the person known as KK, is an undisputed gem in this collection of documents.
PL
Archiwalia dokumentujące życie Polaków na Syberii, znajdujące się w tobolskim oddziale Państwowego Archiwum Województwa Tiumeńskiego, są jak do tej pory, całkowicie nieznane polskim historykom.  W tej właśnie grupie dokumentów niewątpliwie wyjątkową i cenną relikwię stanowi ręcznie przepisany katechizm, związany z osobą Kazimierza Kurdwanowskiego
PL
Marian Dubiecki podczas powstania styczniowego pełnił funkcję sekretarza Rusi w Rządzie Narodowym, za co został skazany na zesłanie, z którego powrócił w 1883 r. Artykuł przedstawia dzieje Dubieckiego w okresie zsyłki w kolejnych miejscowościach w głębi Imperium: Siewakowej, Darasuniu, Irkucku, Jekaterynosławiu oraz Odessie. W tekście przybliżona została również rozpoczęta w tym czasie przez Dubieckiego praca badawcza na polu historycznym oraz etnograficznym. Jej efektem były pojawiające się na łamach prasy wyniki badań krajoznawczych ludów Tofalarów oraz Buriatów. Owocem zainteresowań historycznych Dubieckiego była natomiast monografia Kudak. Twierdza kresowa i jej okolice nagrodzona w 1879 r. przez Akademię Umiejętności w Krakowie oraz publikowana na łamach „Tygodnika Illustrowanego” praca Osadczy w ziemi Mandżu. Opowieść z dziejów XVII stulecia (biografia polskiego jeńca Nicefora Czernichowskiego). Przebywając na zesłaniu, Marian Dubiecki utrzymywał kontakty z Polakami, którzy byli znanymi badaczami Syberii: Benedyktem Dybowskim, Janem Czerskim oraz Aleksandrem Czekanowskim.
EN
During the January Uprising Marian Dubiecki was the secretary of Ruthenia in the National Government, for which he was sentenced to exile, from which he returned in 1883. The article presents the history of Dubiecki during his exile in the Russian Empire in the following towns: Siewakowa, Darusun, Irkutsk, Ekaterinoslav and Odessa. The text also presents Dubiecki's research on history and ethnography, which began at that time. The results of this research were published in the press and included ethnographic studies of the Tofalars and Buryats. In turn, the result of Dubiecki's historical interests was the monograph Kudak. Twierdza kresowa i jej okolice awarded in 1879 by the Academy of Learning in Cracow and the work Osadczy w ziemi Mandżu published in "Tygodnik Ilustrowany" (a biography of the Polish prisoner of war Nicefor Czernichowski). During his exile, Marian Dubiecki kept in touch with famous Polish explorers of Siberia: Benedykt Dybowski, Jan Czerski and Aleksander Czekanowski.
EN
In December of 1947 in Foreign Department of Central Committee of Polish Workers’ Party appeared a note concerning difficulties with repatriation of Poles from the USSR. They concerned mainly relatives of members of the ruling party. The note contains descriptions of many formal problems concerning arrival of Polish citizens from the USSR. The document was created when the question of repatriation in Polish-Soviet relations was in fact frozen. Nonetheless, the problems described in the document prove that repatriation remained important issue for communist party in Poland.
EN
The article shows the questions of repatriation and citizenship in Polish-Soviet relations. Not all of Polish migrations from the USSR in 20th century could be recognized as repatriation. That is why author categorizes different migrations as „repatriation” or „resettlement” according to legal and historical issues. The article explains the relation between the terms „repatriation” and „Polish citizen” in different periods of contemporary Polish history.
EN
The article is an attempt to re-enactment the unknown part of Maria Sieroszewska life. She was a daughter of Wacław Sieroszewski (1858–1945), the Polish man who was exiled to Siberia and Arina Czełba-Kysa (1860–1886), an Yackut woman who came from Wierchojańsk. Maria was a half-orphan. When she was a five-years-old-girl, her mother died. When she was sixteen years old, her father came back to Poland and left her with his friends in Czarist Russia. Maria grew up in the area that contained three cultures: Polish, Russian and Sakha. Her life exemplifies the dramatic fate of children whose parents were from two other countries (mother was from Asia, father came from Europe) in that time.
PL
Artykuł jest próbą rekonstrukcji nieznanych dziejów Marii Sieroszewskiej – córki Wacława Sieroszewskiego (1858–1945), polskiego zesłańca syberyjskiego i Ariny Czełba-Kysej (1860–1886), Jakutki z Wierchojańska. Maria, osierocona przez matkę jako pięcioletnia dziewczynka i odłączona od ojca w wieku lat szesnastu, kiedy ten powraca do ojczystego kraju, pozostaje w carskiej Rosji pod opieką jego przyjaciół, dojrzewając na styku trzech kultur: polskiej, rosyjskiej i narodu Sacha. Jej jednostkowe losy obrazują dramatyczne dzieje szerszej grupy dzieci narodzonych ze związków mieszanych, w których matka była autochtonką, mieszkanką Azji, a ojciec przybyszem z Europy, zza Uralu.
EN
The defeat of the January Uprising caused the Russian repression against the polish society. One of the hardest punishments was an exiled to Siberia – the place which was known as an uncivilized land with an extremely adverse climate. Among the exiles can be find as well as women. Part of them were penalized for their politician activity against Russian administration. They frequently acted as the conspirators, couriers involved in the struggle for independence. The second group of women were, the most frequently, the wives of the exiles, however there were as well as the daughters and the mothers. The aim of the article is to present the women’s journey in Siberia according to the memories of Jadwiga Prendowska and Maria Morzycka. First of them was penalized due to her independence activities, whereas the second one was sent in Siberia as a voluntary companion of her husband. The article is concerned on the similarity and the diffrences between these two women and their experiences of the journey to exile.
EN
After September 1939 defeat, the Polish authorities were rebuilding the army in France and then in Great Britain. A surplus of officers in relation to the rank-and-file soldiers was a serious organizational problem. Various types of officers’ camps and muster stations were organized for officers’ overflow. Unfortunately, since autumn 1939 these places were also used as seclusion confinement, a kind of exile for Gen. Władysław Sikorski’s opponents, particularly representatives of Polish authorities from before the war, accused of contributing to the defeat of the country. A shameful page in the history of these inglorious places were the Cerizey Officer Centre in France, Officer Concentration Centre Rothesay on the Isle of Bute in Scotland and a little village of Tighnabruaich. The officers sent to these places were not isolated by any barbed wire. They were billeted in hotels and private guest houses and also received (although very reduced) salaries. However, many of them treated putting them aside on the side track as Gen. Sikorski’s revenge, as an unjustified punishment, consequently experiencing this fact as a personal drama.
PL
Po klęsce wrześniowej 1939 r. władze polskie odbudowywały armię na terenie Francji, następnie na Wyspach Brytyjskich. Poważnym problemem organizacyjnym był nadmiar kadry oficerskiej w stosunku do szeregowych. Dla nadwyżek oficerskich organizowano różnego rodzaju obozy oficerskie i stacje zborne. Niestety miejsca te od jesieni 1939 r. były również wykorzystywane jako miejsca odizolowania, swego rodzaju zesłania, przeciwników politycznych gen. Władysława Sikorskiego, w szczególności przedstawicieli władz Polski przedwrześniowej, oskarżanych o przyczynienie się do klęski państwa. Szczególną kartę w historii tych niechlubnych miejsc odegrały: obóz oficerski we francuskiej miejscowości Cerizay, Stacja Zborna Oficerów w miejscowości Rothesay na wyspie Bute w Szkocji oraz mała szkocka miejscowość Tighnabruaich. Oficerowie kierowani do tych miejsc nie zostali wprawdzie odizolowani żadnymi drutami kolczastymi, mało tego – rozlokowani byli w hotelach i prywatnych pensjonatach, otrzymywali również (wprawdzie mocno pomniejszone) pobory. Wielu z nich jednak odstawienie na boczny tor odbierało jako odwet ze strony gen. Sikorskiego, niczym nieuzasadnioną karę, przeżywając ten fakt jako osobisty dramat.
EN
The article reconstructs the life of the Polish exile Edward Zheligowski in the Orenburg region in 1853–1857 on the basis of archival documents. It describes the circle of his patrons, contributing to the mitigation of his punishment. The author shows the mechanism of his appointment to a Russian state position while serving his exile.
PL
Na podstawie dokumentów archiwalnych w artykule został zrekonstruowany okres życia polskiego zesłańca – Edwarda Żeligowskiego – w Kraju Orenburskim w latach 1853–1857. Opisano krąg sprzyjających mu osób, które przyczyniły się do złagodzenia jego kary. Ukazano również mechanizm jego powołania na rosyjskie stanowisko państwowe w czasie przebywania na zesłaniu.
RU
В статье на основе архивных документов реконструирована жизнь польского ссыльного Э. Желиговского в Оренбургском крае в 1853-1857 гг. Описан круг его покровителей, способствующих смягчению его наказанию. Показан механизм его назначения на российскую государственную должность в период отбывания ссылки.
EN
The aim of the present article is to attempt to highlight selected  aspects of functioning of Caucasian highlanders in the Russian Empire. Due to the multi-faceted nature of this problem and a wealth of unexplored documents and materials, the issue of Caucasian highlanders in Russia demands more comprehensive investigations and analyses. Most importantly, geographic specification of places of exile and imprisonment of highlanders, the number of persons arrested and exiled, the age of the convicts, their nationality, prison time and conditions demand special attention.
PL
W niniejszym artykule została podjęta próba omówienia niektórych aspektów funkcjonowania górali kaukaskich w Imperium Rosyjskim. Jednak wiele niezbadanych źródeł i materiałów, rola górali kaukaskich w historii Rosji wpływają na konieczność bardziej wnikliwych badań i analiz. Na szczególne zainteresowanie zasługują geograficzne ustalenie miejsc zesłania i odbywania kar więzienia przez górali, liczba aresztowanych i zesłanych, wiek ukaranych, narodowość, czasokres i warunki odbywania kar.
PL
Artykuł dotyczy pobytu polskich zesłańców politycznych na najdalej wysuniętej na wschód, azjatyckiej części Rosji w latach 80. i 90. XIX w. Życie więźniów pokazano na przykładzie Edmunda Płoskiego, jednego z przywódców partii Proletariat, który za swoją działalność polityczną został skazany na 16 lat katorgi na Sachalinie. Bazę źródłową niniejszego artykułu stanowią pozostawione przez niego, dotąd nieznane, wspomnienia z kilkuletniego pobytu na kresach imperium rosyjskiego.
EN
The article focuses on a stay of Polish political exiles in the far East, in the Asian side of Russia in the 80’s and the 90’s of the nineteenth century. A life of Edmund Płoski, one of the leaders of the Proletariat party, is given as an example of a life led by the exile. Płoski was sentenced to 16 years of penal servitude in Sakhalin for his political actions. The source basis consists of his previously unpublished memoirs written during his stay at the edge of Russian Empire.
Pamiętnik Literacki
|
2022
|
vol. 113
|
issue 3
252-259
PL
Artykuł jest szczegółowym omówieniem biografii Franciszka Malewskiego („Fiłomat w Impierii. Dokumentalnaja powiest’ o Frantiszku Malewskom”, 2019) napisanej przez Aleksandra Fiedutę, białoruskiego literaturoznawcę od lat publikującego (po rosyjsku, po białorusku i po polsku) materiały dotyczące dziejów filomatów zesłanych w głąb Imperium. Fieduta szczegółowo spenetrował rosyjskie, litewskie i polskie archiwa, co pozwoliło mu na pokazanie pomijanej zwykle w polskich badaniach historii Malewskiego, który po rozstaniu z Mickiewiczem został w Rosji i piął się po szczeblach kariery urzędniczej. Autor biografii nie feruje wyroków, pokazuje trudne wybory obywateli Cesarstwa w kontekście politycznej i prawnej sytuacji kraju, a także w zestawieniu z losem innych Polaków mieszkających i pracujących w Rosji.
EN
The paper accurately discusses Franciszek Malewski’s biography (“Filomat v Imperii. Dokumentalnaya povest o Frantishku Malevskom” <”A Philomath in the Empire. The Documentary Story of Franciszek Malewski”>, 2019) by Alexandr Feduta, a Belarussian literary scholar who for many years has been publishing (in Russian, Belarussian, and Polish) materials referring to the history of the Philomaths exiled into the Russian Empire. Feduta scrupulously penetrated Russian, Lithuanian, and Polish archives, which allowed to picture the figure of Malewski—for most part omitted in Polish research—who, after leaving Mickiewicz, stayed in Russia and started moving up the ladder as an office worker. The biographer refrains from passing sentences, but rather displays the difficult choices of the Empire’s citizens in the context of political and legal situation of the country, and also in comparison with the lives of other Poles living and working in Russia.
EN
In the years of 1863-1867, around 25 200 Poles were exiled to European Russia, to Caucasus, and Siberia. The majority of Poles were exiled to the Yenisey Guberniya after the January Uprising. Until 1863, 80-90% of political exiles belonged to higher and enlightened social spheres; one can say that they were the elite of the Polish nation. After 1863, the composition of the exiles was different: many simple people fought in the insurgent groups. Under new conditions in exile, the representatives of the lower social spheres most often married the local inhabitants because they could rely on some help from their wives' families, could make their homestead stable, and establish a permanent foundation for their life in Siberia. Most certainly more exiled Poles would have married and stayed in Siberia, had there been no amnesty. Not all the Poles, however, took advantage of this amnesty. After their return to their homeland they often complained that they could find no compassion on the part of society, were treated with indifference, and the great merits of the Poles in Siberia were neglected. Those Poles who stayed in Siberia after the amnesty, had contributed to the development of Siberia at the turn of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The Polish intelligentsia in the Yenisey Guberniya deserve our special attention: first and foremost they worked in education and brought medical assistance to the local people. Ancestors of the January Uprising exiles have been establishing Polonia cultural and national associations since the 1990s.
EN
Summary The author of this article makes an attempt at analysing the space of the Ural Mountains and Siberia and the identity of an exile, based on exile correspondence of Tomasz Zan and his memories described in his diary from exile. The article is focused on three representations of space mentioned in Zan’s reports – Orenburg, mountains and steppes, constructed based on the “one’s own – foreign” dichotomy. Orenburg as a projection of an empire and one of tools of colonial policy used by Russia is juxtaposed with the image of the mountains and steppes, which the exiled person identifies with and which specify his subjectivity. The article also discusses the issues connected with the complicated “me – different”, “colonizing – colonized” relations, on the example of Zan’s contact with Russians and Asian tribes.
EN
Among Polish exiles who became fascinated with the Caucasus and explored them was Michał Andrzejkowicz-Butowt (ca 1816–1860), a graduate of the University of Vilnius. He spent as much as 18 years in the Caucasus, which enabled him to thoroughly explore this mountainous region (especially its Georgian and Dagestan parts). His forced stay in the region resulted in the two-volume Szkice Kaukazu (Caucasus sketches) (Warsaw 1859), an excerpt from which was published in the 1840s in the Athenaeum magazine by J.I. Kraszewski. Apart from this work, the only surviving writings of Butowt are his letters from the 1840s and 1850s written to Kraszewski and kept in the Jagiellonian Library (5 letters). Andrzejkowicz travelled for about 2,500 kilometres in the Caucasus. His Szkice reveal the author’s great fascination with mountain landscapes of Georgia, Azerbaijan and Dagestan. The several years spent in Shura in the 1840s and participation in military expeditions organised there enabled him to explore and describe in detail the highland wilderness of Dagestan and Chechnya. The Sketches document an interesting oronymic initiative by Andrzejkowicz: he gave the name of “new Olympus” to Mount Achymer (Russian Анчимер) above the village of Andi in western Dagestan (today probably Mount Bakhargan in the Andean Ridge near the border with Chechnya). Like other Caucasian exiles (e.g. Gralewski), the author of the Szkice Kaukazu saw the need for a precise, scientific, rational and cataloguing description of the Caucasus Mountains. The research was to be a continuation of the work of the scholar Jan Potocki, a pioneer of Polish research in this region of the world. Andrzejkowicz’s work reveals the scholarly aspirations of Polish Caucasian Romanticism and is an important contribution to the development of Polish Caucasian studies.
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