L’article conceme la ąuestion de l’identite generiąue et individuelle du corps ressuscite et terrestre selon ąuatre auteurs chretiens a la limite des II et III siecles: Athenagore, Irenee, Tertullien et Origene. Les trois premiers theologiens reconnais- sent tous les deux formes de l’identite, en soulignant en meme temps un changement des traits caracteristiąues dans le corps ressuscitć. Chez Irenee et Tertullien cette opinion est liee a l’attachement de l’importance a la corporalite de l’homme comme son fondement existenciel, qui caractórise la tradition asiatiąue et la polemiąue contrę le gnosticisme. Origene par contrę, comme le representant de la tradition alexandrine, restant sous l’influence du platonisme, presente une opinion plus com- posee. A son avis chaąue chair humaine contient un ćlement constant - appelle de diverses manieres: „germe”, „nature”, „substance”, „proprietć” - qui dćcide que la chair apres la resurrection, malgre la transformation et la spiritualisation, reconnaitra son identite personnelle. Selon Origene donc, l’identitć genćrique et individuelle du corps ressuscite et terrestre est relative.
The author shows what Christ’s resurrection consist in and how the resurrection of all the dead has been placed in the Resurrection of the Saviour. To this effect he analyzes the texts from 1 Cor and from the Book of Revelation, and he considers the type and way of the resurrection of all the people. He comes to a conclusion that resurrection is not a physical or biological phenomenon but an event about which one may speak only in an analogical way. It is a shift to a totally different way of existence, which for the righteous consists in permanent sojourn with Christ.
Der alttestamentliche Glaube des Volkes Gottes an das Leben nach dem Tode sowie die Auferstehung des Leibes entwickelte sich langsam und allmählich. Sein Fundament war die Überzeugung, dass der Mensch nach dem irdischen Tode weiterlebt sowie dass Gott Macht über den Tod hat. Die zweite Etappe kennzeichnet die in den Texten Ez 37, 1-14; Ps 16, 9-11; 17, 15; 49, 16 sowie Ij 19, 25-27 noch recht unklar zum Ausdruck gebrachte Überzeugung, dass es ein ewiges. Leben gibt und dass Gott den Leib des Menschen zum ewigen Leben erwecken kann. Diedritte Etappe ist der Glaube an das ewige Leben und die Auferstehung des Leibes der guten und bösen Menschen. Für die Gerechten wird die Auferstehung eine Belohnung Gottes für ihr rechtschaffenes Leben und Leiden, besonders für den Glauben, sein. Davon sprechen die Texte Js 26, 19; Dn 12, 1-3 und 2 Mak 7, 9.11.14.
Recenzja książki: Roman Bartnicki, Jezus w drodze do śmierci i zmartwychwstania. Komentarz do Ewangelii Marka 8,27-16,20. Część II. Mk 14,1-16,20 (Warszawa: Instytut Papieża Jana Pawła II 2019). Ss. 478. PLN 49. ISBN 978-83-65198-60-0.
L’evento della risurrezione non è di certo il terna centrale della riflessione cristologica odierna. È così nonostante un recupero sostanziale della coscienza circa il molo storico della risurrezione nella nascita del cristianesimo. L’articolo propone un riesame della relazione tra l’evento della risurrezione e la sua conseguenza primaria – la presenza salvifica di Cristo vivente – e il dogma cristologico. Questo avviene in tre tappe. Dapprima viene posta la domanda circa il molo della risurrezione nella formazione della memoria della comunità dei discepoli. In secondo luogo si considera come il cristianesimo primitivo ha vissuto e celebrato la presenza del Vivente. Infine viene esaminato il passaggio tra una cristologia espressa nelle categorie esistenziali e quella del dogma (con una forte componente metafisica). In questo modo viene abbozzato un percorso possibile per un rafforzamento del legame evento (della risurrezione) - dogma (cristologico).
For most exegetes - except for a few representatives of rationalism, who deny the existence and activity of God in history - Christophanies fully decided about the role of the apostles in supplying the disciples with the complete faith in Jesus of Nazareth as the resurrected Lord and Son of God. This is similar in the case of reconstructing the “Jesus movement” as well as the history of Christians after His death, where T. Węcławski accepts the model of Jesus as the ideal man and completely free - in relation to other people and God. From the reconstruction of the process of the Pascal faith, Paul and the event near Damascus was described, which occurred only a few years after the crucifixion of Jesus. This is a serious defect- Paul's experience contradicts the principle thesis that is the basis of the sociological and psychological interpretation of the resurrection of Jesus (the thesis of T. Węcławski), which states that there was a triple dissonance as the active cause of the process lasting several decades that elevated and equated the crucified Jesus with God, where in historical reality it was God Himself who remained silent.
Resurrection was one of the most important themes in the writings of Tertullian (ca 150 - 220), who is called sometimes "theologian of the hope". Presented paper presents teaching of the first theologian of the West on resurrection of the body. In the article's first part the historical (i.e. persecutions and believes in resurrection before Tertullian) and doctrinal background (heresies) of his works on the resurrection is shown, than - in the next section - vocabulary, which were used by Tertullian to describe phenomenon of the resurrection. In the forth part author presents the main points of Tertullian's view of resurrection of the body. In the fifth chapter connections between resurrection and martyrdom are presented.
The article discusses the role of Christ the Lamb in the light of Rev 5,6-10. In the first plane Christ appears in the glory of his victory. A visible sign of this victory is the place in the midst of the divine throne. At first his victory consists in martyr’s death. It entitled God to enter into a new bond with the people purchased for him. But the victory of the Lamb cannot be limited only to the martyrdom. For he appears in this vision as "standing, as though it had been slain". Such pose suggests victory not only through the martyrdom, but also through the resurrection. The victory achieved by the Lamb gives him right to take the scroll: from the right band of "the One, who is sitting on the throne". This scroll symbolizes divine plan toward the world and the people. Banding of the scroll to the Lamb means to initiate this scheme. For this reason the resurrection of Christ the Lamb can be seen as a key event to the accomplishment of God's purpose. Divine project is being realized in the history of the world and 1he people. Attitude of men expresses either approval of 1he divine plan or refusal of it. In this context we can speak about judgment (it is suggested by OT-background of 1he symbol of a scroll-book). Judgment consists in a division of humankind in to two groups. One group includes those people who are on God's side. They accept divine plane (which culminates in the resurrection of Christ) and by their life participate in the fulfilment of it. The other group rejects divine project by coming out against God and Lamb. The sentence is simply a consequence of their choice: the reward for the faithful and punishment for the disloyal ones.
In the present article the author shows the different attitudes of Pharisees and Sadducees regarding the life after death and resurrection. First he describes the motives and the nature of Pharisaic faith in resurrection in the context of Old Testament, Josephus Flavius sources, and Apocryphal Literature. Then he shows the views of Sadducees who rejected the reality of life after death. At the end he describes novum of the teaching of Jesus about resurrection which can be better understood in the context of His discussion with Pharisees and Sadducees.
The understanding of the bodily resurrection used to cause many problems during the history of the Christian theology. Also the catholic area was a scene of an interesting and wide discussion on the interpretation of the event, aiming at the elimination of many paradoxes present in eschatology. The debate unfortunately bas not bad a satisfactory result and bas not led the research to common conclusions. One of the possibilities of the solution is a wider and dynamic understanding of the resurrection, based on anthropological and biblical data. It requires a transposition of some traditional dimensions of the resurrection to other areas. Many aspects of the traditional contents of the theological meaning of the resurrection are in fact present already in the meaning of the event of death. It is there that a person experiences a total collapse of all vital forces but also a passage to another life. Thus the non-finality of death itself becomes part of human experience. Besides, the situation immediately after death means the entrance to the dimension of a personal fulfillment. Both themes belong to the theological meaning of the resurrection of the dead. Some other aspects of the resurrection are also present in the description of the Christian life and spring from the mystery of baptism whose meanings expressed in the language of the New Testament, among other things, in the resurrectional terms. Thus the resurrection cannot be seen as a static event of the end of times but rather as a dynamic event, some aspects of which are present already by means of the participation in the paschal mystery of Christ accessible by baptism, with later gradual and continuous progress and also with gradual fulfillment in the eschatological stadium where the material dimension of the creation must be included in order to make it possible to speak of the new creation.
Most of the works of the Church Fathers and apologists contain a critique of the views of the Docetist or pagan debaters who reject the Resurrection. Apart from the main theological argument which is the resurrection of Christ, in writings of this period, arguments refer to the Incarnation of the Logos as the event giving the human body exceptional dignity, as well as stressing the role of God the Father as the author of the new creation in the final age, who will once again show His creative strength (Clemens of Alexandria, Ignatius of Antioch). In the mid-II century, the authors of "Pastor" and the "Letter of Pseudo-Barnabas" draw attention to the spiritual and moral condition of the return of the entire person to life. They emphasize that those people who "maintain their bodies in purity" - meaning being faithful in earthly life to Christ, will receive this, understood as a spiritual resurrection. After the middle of the II century, there appeared an almost general in the surviving Christian writings (Justin, Pseudo-Justin) anthropological dualism coming from Platonism which appeared in stressing that a person is composed of an immortal soul and a mortal body, but this relationship is not commented on more fully. This will become a domain of treaties about the Resurrection written at the tum of the II and III centuries, which on account of its apologetical assumptions will have to adjust to Greek debating anthropology which attacks the doctrine of Christians, as well on account of accepting unavoidable - from the point of view of accommodating - the missionary trial of expressing main truths of the Christian faith with the help of Greek philosophy. The first expression of applying such an article is the treaty "On the Resurrection of the Deceased" of Atenagoras.
The purpose of this article is to show cognitive value of the iconography of resurrection of Jesus Christ for fundamental theology and process of justification of credibility of this salvific Event. Authors of article focuses on main iconographical motifs in the four groups of Resurrection’s scenes: descent into hell, empty tomb, post-resurrection appearance of Jesus Christ, Ascension. Article indicates theological contents of each of that iconographi- cal groups and shows that all of them make a contribution to understanding the reality of the resurrection of Jesus Christ, help to reflect on the history of salvation, make it easy the contemplation of this salvific Event. Iconography of resurrection of Jesus Christ has a sign structure and therefore it the carries content of faith, and affects both the aesthetic and intellectual spheres of man. In this way the iconography of the resurrection has cognitive functions and to some extent contributes to portraying the credibility of paschal events.
Niniejszy artykuł omawia sposób, w jaki najwcześniejsze formy wyznania wiary w Zmartwychwstanie odwołują się do świadectwa Pisma Starego Testamentu. Analizie zostały poddane najważniejsze świadectwa wiary w Zmartwychwstanie wyrażone w aklamacjach i formułach wiary – zarówno te, w których nie pojawia się bezpośrednie odwołanie się do Pisma, jak też i te, w których można wskazać nawiązanie do określonych miejsc w Piśmie. W analizie pominięto katechezy i hymny liturgiczne, stosując w wyborze kryterium diachroniczne wskazujące na pierwszeństwo chronologiczne aklamacji i formuł wiary. Przeprowadzona analiza pozwoliła wykazać, że pierwszym punktem odniesienia dla wiary w Zmartwychwstanie nie jest Pismo, lecz świadectwo świadków, którzy spotkali Zmartwychwstałego, a więc u początku wiary w Zmartwychwstanie jest wydarzenie. Słowo Starego Testamentu samo w sobie jest niewystarczalne. Dopiero kiedy zaczyna się je odczytywać w świetle wydarzeń z życia Jezusa i w świetle Jego słów, można zacząć wskazywać na wypełnienie się Pisma w wydarzeniach paschalnych. Tak więc choć to nie Pismo jest początkiem wiary w Zmartwychwstanie, to zarazem wiara ta szuka odniesienia w Piśmie – lecz nie w pojedynczych tekstach Pisma, ale w Piśmie czytanym jako jedno wielkie świadectwo o zbawczym Bożym działaniu. W pierwszych formułach wiary w Zmartwychwstanie oraz w aklamacjach utrwalony został zarazem pewien sposób lektury Pisma, który stanowi wzorzec dla budowania argumentacji skrypturystycznej w teologii fundamentalnej, ponieważ ukazuje on, że Pismo jest tu czytane najpierw jako całość (egzegeza kanoniczna) oraz w świetle tradycji apostolskiej i z uwzględnieniem analogii wiary, na co zwraca uwagę Benedykt XVI w dokumencie Verbum Domini.
EN
The article explains how the oldest formulas of faith in resurrection and their acclamations relate to the Scripture. The aim of the discussion is the presentation of the relation between the confession of faith in Resurrection and the testimony of Scripture from the theologico-fundamental perspective. On this basis, the author draws conclusions concerning the role of the scriptural argument in the faith in Resurrection.
This article discusses two events from Jesus Christ’s life: incarnation and resurrection. They constitute a problem in philosophy. These events in the light of Christian faith do not require the type of epistemological reasons, because it is the mystery of faith. In philosophy, however, up to this day they are analyzed by many philosophers and are getting rationalization. These events are a scandal for the modern philosophy, in the words of Pope Benedict XVI in his book Jesus of Nazareth, and counterpoint to the contemporary, as Cardinal Gianfranco Ravasi said.
Questions about man, his freedom and liberation, are very important for human existence. Jesus Christ and His paschal mystery are the roots of Christian hope. Jesus is hope’s bearer, however He requires our trust. Jesus Christ fulfills in Himself all the Messianic promises, especially the one of salvific newness of life in the New Covenant, also called the new humanity. The central sign of this newness is the coming of God’s Kingdom. The universality of the Resurrection’s gift brings us hope that all human beings might experience new life. The salvific gift refers to the renewal of the world in the renewal of all men. And yet, the voice of the culture of death-which is the negation of man, his dignity and his hope-is loudly heard in today’s world. The culture of life, on the other hand, brings real hope, especially when it is marked by respect for life. The Christian attitude is one of thanking and praising the Lord in the power of the Holy Spirit. Christ is the hope of the people,of the world, and, therefore, of the new evangelization.
Die paulinische Eschatologie nimmt ihren eigentlichen Anfang von der Christophanie vor Damascus. Paulus sah den Auferstandenen und wollte Ihn wieder erfahren, um mit Ihm schon immer verbunden zu sein. Daher spricht Paulus über die Parusie schon in seinem ersten Brief, was natürlich nicht die allgemeine Parusieerwartung der ersten Gemeinden ausschliesst. Vor allem die Korinther hatten Zweifel über die allgemeine Auferstehung. Daher greift der Apostel vor allem in 1 Kor dieses Thema an und entwickelt schlieslich eine kosmische Eschatologie, wobei das Hauptleitwort „Neue Schöpfung” gewählt wird, ähnlich wie er auch eine kosmische Ekklesiologie entwickelt hat.
Die alteren theologischen Traditionen des Alten Testaments weisen keine festgeprägte Lehre vom Leben des Menschen auf, doch ihre heilsgeschichtliche Aussagen setzten ein bestimmtes, allgemein israelitisches Selbstverständnis voraus, worin Antwort auf allerlei Lebensfragen gegeben wird. Der Grundbegriff des Lebens ist dynamisch gedacht und rührt aus der sinnlichen Erfahrung der gesamten beweglichen Welt her. Der Mensch erlangt eine Lebensfülle , wenn er alle ihm zugängliche Lebensgüter glücklich, im Frieden und lange geniessen kann . Doch kann das älteste Lebensbild des AT keineswegs als rein diesseitig bezeichnet werden; über alle irdische Güter hinaus, macht sich eine Sehnsucht nach einem überirdischen Leben bemerkbar, das zuerst freilich als Verlängerung der diesseitigen Existenz gedacht ist. Dazu trug wesentlich das religiöse Gepräge des Weltbildes bei. Da Gott Israels, der „lebendige Gott” ist und den Mitgliedern seines Volkes das Leben spendet, kommt in manchen Schriften die Sehnsucht nach einem Leben mit ihm auf; doch weiss die ältere Theologie Israels dies weder zu begründen noch näher zu beschreiben. Einen wesentlichen Beitrag zur Verinnerlichung des Lebensbegriffs leisteten die Propheten, die ein neues Leben im erneuerten Lande dem neuen Volke in Aussicht stellten. Einen weiteren Schritt tat in der nachexilischen Zeit die Apokalyptik mit ihrem eschatologischen Lebensverständnis. Das diesseitige Lebensprofil bleibt im allgemeinen noch erhalten, wird aber oft zugunsten einer überzeitlichen Existenz in Gottesnähe preisgegeben. Zugleich dringt immer mehr der Begriff des „ew igen Lebens” vor, das im Hellenismus eine anthropologische Stütze erhielt; dazu gesellt sich der Auferstehungsglaube.
On the basis of Peter’s Speech at Pentecost the author is seeking to reach the scheme of the primary prophecy. The two stages of argumentation contained in it deal with the resurrection and exaltation. Both events, being the climax of Jesus’ mission, prove His Messianic character and Divinity. The success of the Christian doctrine depended on the proof of these two truths. No wonder then, that they are found in te centre of prophecy, which can be summed up as the proclamation of the resurrected and exalted Christ, who is seated on the right of the Father and gives us the Holy Spirit.
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