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EN
The article discusses the treatment of fertility and the means of its expression in traditional culture. The relevant questions include: how to speculate about fertility, how to protect and stimulate it in communal and family customs, how to hinder fertility and cause infertility through word and gesture. The author argues that the verbal code as the carrier of symbolic meanings is inalienably linked with other cultural codes: material, personal, actional, involving music and dance, temporal, and locative. The codes function interchangeably, replacing and complementing one another.
PL
Autorka podejmuje kwestie płodności w kulturze tradycyjnej i sposoby jej wyrażania, charakteryzuje sposoby wnioskowania o płodności, możliwości wpływania na płodność, jej ochronę i pobudzanie w obrzędowości dorocznej i rodzinnej, daje przykłady hamowania płodności oraz powodowania niepłodności słowem i gestem. Dowodzi, że kod werbalny jako nośnik znaczeń symbolicznych, pozostaje w ścisłym powiązaniu z innymi kodami kulturowymi: przedmiotowym, personalnym, akcjonalnym, muzycznotanecznym, temporalnym i lokatywnym. Służąc wyrażaniu sensów symbolicznych, kody funkcjonują wymiennie, zastępują się, przedłużają i dopełniają.
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EN
The notion of symbol, though popular and commonly used, has not so far received a satisfactory operational definition, i.e. a methodology of description that would allow to assign specific symbolic meanings to images in a foreseeable, “controllable” way. This is revealed by the different symbolic meanings which dictionaries assign to the same images. The paper uses examples from the Lublin Słownik stereotypów i symboli ludowych ‘Dictionary of stereotypes and folk symbols’ to question the rules for determining symbolic meanings and the “linguistic and cultural proofs” connected with the assignment of those senses – the rules that link the sun with life, truth and perfection, fire with love and passion, light with the God and heaven, dew with life-giving force and male sperm, wind with life-giving spirit, rainbow with the sign of peace, &c. The article reveals that the symbolic sense is sometimes prompted by the etymology, metaphorical meanings, parallel constructions, equivalence, or may also result from the genre convention of the text (an erotic, a dream book, a wishing carol), or finally from the beliefs and practices of bearers of folk culture. Regardless of all those attempts at determining symbolic meanings, the formulation of such meanings remains a hypothesis of a kind. Texts, especially artistic ones (where also folk texts belong), contain an unclosed semantic potential and remain unsaid, open and susceptible to new symbolic readings.
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