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EN
The aim of the article is to present legislation to prevent the crime of money laundering. Appoint-ing a special financial body called the General Inspector of Financial Information imposes new obligations on financial institutions and provides many criminal sanctions for the violation of regulations. The main aim of this article is to characteristics the process of money laundering, define the process, the recognition of economic, types and methods of money laundering, and also assessment of the scale of the crime and its consequences. Presentation of the legal aspects of money laundering is important.The hypothesis implies a negative effect of money laundering for the economy and market mechanisms aimed at determining market parameters. This procedure affects the economy in a destabilizing way. The consequences of the destabilization are, among others, the increase in the level of corruption in the state, the violation of the principles of fair economic competition, the disruption of the financial system and the development of organized crime. Money laundering has a negative impact on the economies of the world's economies, which hamper the development of state economies. As a result, stronger organized crime groups are emerging, and by combating this process, they can reduce their cash inflows from legitimate sources, reducing their negative impact on the economy of the states.
PL
W Polsce do przestępstw gospodarczych zalicza się zjawisko prania brudnych pieniędzy. Proces ten ma charakter globalny i w celu jego zwalczania stosuje się regulacje prawne, kodeks karny, dyrektywy i ustawy. Głównym celem artykułu jest charakterystyka procesu prania brudnych pieniędzy, podjęcie próby zdefiniowania procesu, ujęcia ekonomicznego, rodzajów i metod prania brudnych pieniędzy, a także ocena skali zjawiska oraz jego konsekwencji. Szczególnie ważna jest prezentacja aspektów prawnych procederu prania brudnych pieniędzy. Biorąc pod uwagę charakter globalny prania brudnych pieniędzy, zjawisko to może mieć niekorzystny wpływ na gospodarkę ze względu na obrót pieniędzmi wprowadzonych w sposób nieprawny. Przyjęto hipotezę, że zjawisko prania brudnych pieniędzy negatywnie wpływa na mechanizmy rynkowe, których celem jest określanie parametrów rynkowych. Legalizacja środków pieniężnych pochodzących z nielegalnego źródła w systemie finansowym jest ryzykownym etapem przestępstwa, pełni również nieodłączny element zorganizowanej działalności przestępczej.W artykule wykorzystano metody badawcze: analiza skali zjawiska procederu prania brudnych pieniędzy w wybranych krajach Unii Europejskiej, wydanych wyroków skazujących, zawiadomień o podejrzanych i wstrzymanych transakcjach. Wykonana analiza ma za zadanie pokazać, jak zmienia się intensywność zjawiska prania brudnych pieniędzy na przestrzeni lat i skuteczność metod jego zapobiegania, a także prawidłowość istniejących regulacji prawnych.
PL
Od czasów odzyskania przez Polskę niepodległości rozwijały się na jej terenach zorganizowane grupy przestępcze, zarówno o charakterze kryminalnym, jaki i gospodarczym. Dokonywane były spektakularne napady na banki i dopuszczano się sprzeniewierzania państwowego majątku. Kolejna wojna światowa zmieniła strukturę grup przestępczych ale nie zmieniła ich „zainteresowań” oraz wygenerowała nowe obszary działań, związane z powszechnym niedoborem środków niezbędnych do życia. Szansą na dynamiczny rozwój dla przestępczości zorganizowanej okazała się transformacja społeczna i gospodarcza dokonana na początku lat 90. XX wieku. To wtedy powstały największe multiprzestępcze grupy jak „Pruszków” czy „Wołomin”. Obecne grupy przestępcze są mniejsze niż te w latach 90-tych i luźno ze sobą powiązane, a główną płaszczyzną ich zainteresowań jest przestępczość gospodarcza, przynosząca przestępcą największe zyski, a budżetowi państwa, największe straty. Od pewnego czasu podejmowane są działania legislacyjne, mające na celu ograniczenie szarej strefy oraz zwiększające kompetencje organów kontrolnych. Pierwsze pozytywne efekty tych działań widać bezpośrednio na branży paliwowej, w której intensywnie działały grupy przestępcze, wyłudzające podatek VAT.
EN
Since the restoration of independence of Poland organized crime groups have been developing on its territory, with the criminal as well as the economic background. Spectacular attacks on banks were carried out and there were acts of state property defalcation. World War II changed the structure of criminal groups but did not change their “interests” and generated new areas of activity, related to the widespread lack of resources necessary for life. Opportunity for dynamic development for organized crime accompanied the social and economic transformation of the early 1990s. It was the time when the largest multicriminal groups were formed such as “Pruszków” or “Wołomin” groups. Contemporary criminal groups are smaller than those in the 90s and loosely connected, and the common field of interest is economic crime which brings them the highest profit, and to the state budget – the greatest losses. For some time, legislative action has been taken to limit the shadow economy and to increase the competence of control bodies. The first positive effects of these actions can be seen directly in the fuel industry, which has been heavily involved in VAT tax frauds.
EN
The author presents some practical aspects of the functioning of the immunity witness institution following the seven years of its existence in the Polish legal system. The paper contains an analysis of doctrinal as well as practical problems deriving directly from the utilisation of testimonies made by immunity witnesses. It is based on the results of research conducted using materials regarding the process of choosing candidates for immunity witnesses, as well as documents from criminal investigations and cases in courts where that institution was used. The author presents an analysis of police operational work during the process of choosing immunity witness candidates whose testimonies then shape the investigation as well as other evidence acquired during court hearings. It is compared with opinions expressed by judges, public prosecutors and police officers involved in the work with immunity witnesses at diffrrent stages of criminal procedure (e.g. receiving testimonies) and the immunity witness protection programme (e.g. physical protection of a witness). A consideration of these two aspects ensures a comprehensive diagnosis of that institution. There are two fundamental questions related to the subject matter: is the evidence effective in the Polish penal law? And is the evidence really necessary and useful in every respect?
EN
The paper offers a synthetic insight into the activities of organized crime groups in Poland with foreign nationals as their members. All the relevant data were obtained from the staff officers of the Central Bureau of Police Investigation (CBSP), i.e. directly from the operatives involved in investigating such criminal structures. The interviews were conducted in February 2015, with the three officers serving in the three departments combating: organized crime, organized drug trafficking, and organized fraud, respectively. On the basis of those interviews, it was established that the structures of interest are formed either exclusively by foreign nationals, or by foreign nationals in association with their Polish peers. Some groups might be characterised by specific traits, e.g. organisational tightness, or excessive brutality. Some insight was also gained into the ways of recruitment to the organized crime groups involving foreigners, i.e. diversified ways of recruitment to the structures of different specialisations (crime, drugs, fraud). In due course, the most frequently committed types of criminal offences were identified, i.e. theft, drug production and trafficking, cigarette smuggling, VAT fraud, and money laundering. The study highlights the ‘attractiveness’ of particular offences to respective organized crime groups. It was also possible to gain an understanding of their modus operandi and organizational structuring (be that complex or simple), including consideration for their own security (i.e. making expert use of the most recent advances of modern technology and personal training and vigilance). The research allowed to establish the specific ways of managing the proceeds derived from the committed offences, in due consideration of the respective nationality of their members. A certain proportion of the crime structures consumed the proceeds, others made investments and promoted business development, still others transferred the funds to their home countries. The study revealed that well-organized groups were active in Poland, whereas the highly-organized ones also ventured abroad with their operations, whilst making use of their international contacts with a view to establishing collaboration with some other internationally structured groups in order to promote business development and maximize their illicit revenues. The interviews revealed that police investigators manage to keep very much abreast of the activities pursued by internationally structured, organized crime groups in Poland.
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