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1
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Oznaczanie palatalności l w drukach polskich z XVI wieku

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Osiewicz M.
Poznańskie Studia Polonistyczne. Seria Językoznawcza
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2020
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vol. 27
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issue 2
113-128
EN
The article presents the results of an analysis of marking of palatal l in prints from the source database of Słownik polszczyzny XVI wieku (16th-century Polish language dictionary). The analysis takes into account the various conditions of this phenomenon: functional, frequency, contextual, textual, regional and publishing ones. The analysis shows that the rare records of the consonant l’ certified in the papers originated from the spelling of manuscripts. Most often, they appear in printed texts from the first half of the sixteenth century, mainly in the earliest texts and dictionaries, as well as in texts originating from southern Poland and southern Borderlands. Marking of palatal l in printed materials is characterised by a high degree of lexicalisation and dependence on the phonetic context and less dependent on the place of publication.
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Wpływ zecera na ukształtowanie graficzno-językowe tekstu drukowanego. Uwagi wstępne do analizy Ksiąg o gospodarstwie z 1549 r.

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Osiewicz M.
LingVaria : Półrocznik Wydziału Polonistyki UJ poświęcony zagadnieniom języka i językoznawstwa
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2012
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issue 2(14)
65-76
XX
The article is based on the text of the first, 1949 edition of the Polish translation of Piotr Crescentius’ Księgi o gospodarstwie ‘Books on husbandry’. It analyzes two phenomena which reveal certain interesting details of the work of a 16th c. typesetter: distribution of the letter h is limited to marking the phoneme /x/, and the longer variant of the abo ~ albo ‘or’ alternation is restricted in a part of the text to the hyphenated position. The distributive relation of the two pheonomena to the typographic verse delimitation parameter – whose distribution in text is impossible to foresee for those in contact with the text prior to the process of typesetting – allows to attribute their presence in the text to the interference of the typesetter. The appearance of this kind of solutions in the hyphenated position was provoked by the problems with typographically correct utilisation of the verse, which forced the typesetter to adjust its graphical content – which they did by exploiting the already existing graphical and linguistic variability.
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Wariantywność form fleksyjnych rzeczowników w listach polskich z lat 1525-1550 (rzeczowniki rodzaju nijakiego; rzeczowniki typu podskarbi, podczaszy; pluralia tantum; pluralne nazwy geograficzne; formy liczby podwójnej)

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Osiewicz M.
Poznańskie Studia Polonistyczne. Seria Językoznawcza
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2009
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vol. 15
223-259
PL
The article is the third and last part of the description of inflectional variation of nouns in the letters in Polish from the first half of the 16th century. The present chapter concerns the neutral gender nouns, the nouns of the type podskarbi (treasurer), podczaszy (cup-bearer), the nouns belonging to the category plurale tantum, plural geographical terms, as well as the nominal forms of dual number. The analysis embraced only these grammatical categories which revealed, in excerpted letters, the oppositions of isomorphic character significant for the process of normalization of the Polish language. With regard to the neutral gender nouns these are: instrumental and locative cases of the singular number as well as genitive, dative, instrumental and locative cases of the plural number. Separate attention was paid to the inflection of the noun książę (prince). Within the nouns of the type podskarbi and podczaszy, the author discussed the forms of the instrumental case of the singular number and of the nominative, dative, accusative and instrumental cases of the plural number. With reference to plural nouns, the analysis concerned the forms of the dative and accusative cases of the noun ludzie (people) and the dative and locative cases of the plural geographical names. The rivalry between the dual and plural forms was subject to a complex analysis. The condition of inflectional variation of the above specified nouns, confirmed in the letters in Polish, shows considerable similarity to the condition depicted in other texts originating from the same period. The violations of the 16th-century norms result from the operation of purely innovative tendencies and, mostly, refer to the more frequent usage of the endings -em in the instrumental case in the singular number, -am in the dative case in the plural number and -ach in the locative case in the plural number of neuters as well as to a higher percentage of the occurrence of a new form of the accusative case of the plural number of the nouns such as poddany (serf) and the plural forms of the genitive and locative cases of the nouns preceded by the numerals dwa (two) and oba (both). The last chapter of the article sums up the completed analysis. It indicates that, as far as the inflection of nouns is concerned, the Polish language used in the letters shows a relatively small degree of normalization. Among the variants certified in the analysed correspondence, the progressive forms prevail, which proves the innovative character of the variety of the language represented in the letters. The range of inflectional variation is wider than in printed texts from that period, however, the differences are not so considerable. The violations of the inflectional norms in printed texts, confirmed in the letters, result from an approximately uniform influence of the tendencies promoting progressive forms as well as the conservative tendencies. Moreover, the analysis showed that the Polish language used in the letters is closer to the language of the texts of Glaber than to the Polish language of paleotypes, characterised by much more restrictive approach to the traditional norm.
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Wtórna nosowość antycypacyjna w Księgach o gospodarstwie Piotra Krescentyna z 1549 roku

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Osiewicz M.
Poznańskie Studia Polonistyczne. Seria Językoznawcza
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2014
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vol. 21
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issue 2
71-92
PL
The article is a continuation of research concerning textual differences of the distribution of variant graphic and phonetic forms in the first Polish-language edition of Księgi o gospodarstwie by Piotr Krescentyn (Helena Unglerowa, 1549). The analysis comprised the markings of the secondary anticipatory nasality. The article proposes a graphic interpretation of this phenomenon. Such interpretation results from the recognition as common a phenomenon of nasalization of labial vowels before nasal consonants. Different distribution of the studied forms in the text proved significant – it revealed not only the segmentation of text already known from previous analyses (graphic and phonetic – boundaries 429/430 and 485/486), but also three new, previously unknown text boundaries running between columns 477/478, 501/502 and 531/532. The convergence of the separated boundaries with a division of text into typesets was confirmed three times. This attests to a strong dependence of the discussed phenomenon on the type-setting factor. A comparative analysis demonstrated that as far as marking the secondary nasality is concerned, Księgi bear witness of the condition unknown in other prints from this period, which is closer to some 16th-century manuscripts, especially the letters of Stanisław Koszucki.
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Zróżnicowanie ekstensji tekstowej fonetycznych form obocznych w Księgach o gospodarstwie Piotra Krescentyna z 1549 roku

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Osiewicz M.
Poznańskie Studia Polonistyczne. Seria Językoznawcza
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2014
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vol. 21
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issue 1
75-94
PL
The article is a continuation of studies concerning textual differences in distribution of variant phonetic forms. The analysis covers the forms being a part of four variances: jestli // jesli, -mdl- // -mgl-, miedzy // między and -mieszk- // -mięszk-. Different textual distribution of the studied forms proved to be significant – not only revealed the segmentation of text known from previous analysis (graphical and phonetic), but also 3 new, previously unknown text boundaries extending between the columns 510/511, 591/592 and 612/613. The strongest relationship with the job of a compositor is indicated by textual repartition of forms belonging to two variances: miedzy // między i jestli // jesli. With regard to the analysed forms the central part Cresc is most standardized, contained in the columns 138-384, whereas the most progressive (containing the greatest number of progressive variants) – is the section of text including the columns 381a–R10v. The completed study has also demonstrated that the boundary between the cluster Q and R established by Kazimierz Piekarski on the basis of a typographical analysis is also the boundary of occurrence of certain phonetic phenomena.
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Oboczność ir // er (≤ *ŕ̥) w Księgach o gospodarstwie (Kraków 1549, Helena Unglerowa)

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Osiewicz M.
Poznańskie Studia Polonistyczne. Seria Językoznawcza
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2015
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vol. 22
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issue 2
103-128
PL
This article is a continuation of research into the textual differentiation of the distribution of the variant phonetic forms in Księgi o gospodarstwie by Piotr Krescentyn of 1549. The analysis includes forms with the ir // er (≤ *ŕ̥) groups. While the diversity of the textual distribution of the surveyed forms pertains to only six roots: -ḿ_řv-, -v́_řb-, -ṕ_rv-, -č_rń, -tv́_rʒ-, -v́_řx-, it is quite considerable as it encompasses 10 textual areas coinciding with the text segmentation typical of previous (graphic and phonetic) analyses. Three text layers indicate the typesetter’s intervention. As for the analysed form, the part containing the 381a–R10v quarts was the most standardised chunk of the text; it is also quite conservative with respect to the solutions in the area analysed. The analysis also demonstrates that the demarcation line between the Q and R quarts, as indicated by Kazimierz Piekarski on the basis of a typographic analysis, coincides with the demarcation line of phonetic phenomena.
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Zróżnicowanie ekstensji tekstowej fonetycznych form obocznych w Księgach o gospodarstwie z 1549 roku (oboczność biał- || białł- oraz wariantywność w zakresie kontynuantów grup *sŕ, *zŕ, *žŕ, *(s)tьc i *(z)dьc)

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Osiewicz M.
Slavia Occidentalis
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2014
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issue 71/1
55-78
PL
A material basis for the study is the first Polish language edition of Księgi o gospodarstwie by Piotr Krescentyn from 1549 (Cracow, Helena Unglerowa). The study led to the formulation of the following conclusions: 1) the variancy biał- // białł- is most likely of Great Polish origin; 2) the variancy miestce // miesce confirmed in the prints from the 16th century has a graphical character motivated by technical factors (typesetting); 3) the distribution of the analysed phonetic variants in Księgi… is not equal; 4) the supreme degree of normalization of the studied variancies has been confirmed in the combinations R–Cc; 5) variant conditions, non-normalized, appeared in the parts: Cresc293–384 and CrescDd–[0]C; 6) a greater part of the textual space of the historical text–from the combination A to the combination Cc– reveals Great Polish features; the remaining part–the combination Dd–Ii and the initial chapters–reveal evident Little Polish features.
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Samogłoskowa baza fonematyczna języka prasłowiańskiego w świetle analizy dystrybucyjnej

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Osiewicz M.
LingVaria : Półrocznik Wydziału Polonistyki UJ poświęcony zagadnieniom języka i językoznawstwa
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2013
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issue 1(15)
75-87
EN
The article attempts to employ distribution analysis of Proto-Slavonic sounds to falsify current findings on the Proto-Slavonic stock of vowel phonemes. The material for the analysis has been extracted from W. Boryś’s Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego (‘Etymological dictionary of Polish’). Analyzed was direct bilateral neighbourhood of vowels. To determine the Proto-Slavonic phonological units, a modified methodological proposition of Jerzy Bańczerowski has been used. In light of the analysis, the vowels [i], [y], [ъ], and [ь] – which have until now been treated as separate phonological units – are realizations of two phonemes: /i/ which covers non-back high vowels (→ [i], [y]), and /ъ/ which covers lowered non-back vowels (→ [ъ] and [ь]).
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Oboczność mię cię się // mie cie sie w Księgach o gospodarstwie Piotra Krescentyna z 1549 roku

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Osiewicz M.
Poznańskie Studia Polonistyczne. Seria Językoznawcza
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2013
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vol. 20
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issue 1
127-148
PL
The goal of this article is to provide a detailed description of the mię cię się // mie cie sie alternation as presented in Księgi o gospodarstwie from 1549. In the analysis, four aspects have been taken into consideration: 1) the alternation’s position range, 2) the textual lack of continuity of the alternation’s state, 3) identification of the extent to which a compositor affected a text, 4) the extent of normalization of the mię cię się // mie cie sie opposition in all identified parts of the text against the background of other texts from the time under scrutiny. In the text, the variants were reflected only in the forms of the się reflexive pronoun. A majority of the text is evidence of a status typical of Krakow prints from the first half of the 16th century referred to as the Lesser Poland standard: a verb + sie, a preposition + się. A different status is confirmed in the initial columns of the book: adjacent to a verb – columns 113–248, following the w, przed, na and nad prepositions – columns 48–78, following the za preposition – columns 1–112. This alternation is most diversified with respect to the text when it accompanies a verb. The distribution of modes of marking the forms of the reflexive pronoun provides evi­dence that this phenomenon could be affected by the compositor.
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Graficzne i fonetyczne warianty techniczne w polskiej edycji Żywotów filozofów Mikuláša Konáča (F. Ungler, Kraków 1535)

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Osiewicz M.
Poznańskie Studia Polonistyczne. Seria Językoznawcza
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2017
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vol. 24
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issue 1
117-128
PL
The article attempts the technical determination of the graphic and phonetic variance acknowledged in the Polish edition of the Żywoty filozofów by Mikuláš Konáč. The method used was to analyze the distribution of oppositional graphic forms. It has been determined that the technical nature of the print is 9 variants: 4 graphic variants („j” = /j/ in position before consonant, „j” = /j/ in the voice-over position, „u” = /v/ i /v/ in the midpoint position, „th” = /t/) and 5 phonetic variants (miesce, miejsce, miejstce; wszystko; wieliki); among them are both regressive and progressive forms. The analysis also shows that, using the disclosed technical variants, zecer manipulated the graphical content of the lines in both possible ways: narrowing or widening.
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„Deszcza” czy „deszczu”? Kilka uwag o pewnym «wypadku» zecerskim i o płynącej z niego nauce

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Osiewicz M.
Język Polski
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2013
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issue 4
299-309
PL
Celem artykułu jest potwierdzenie hipotezy o większym, niż dotychczas zakładano, wpływie pracy zecera na kształt graficzno-językowy druków z I połowy XVI wieku. Weryfikacja oparta jest na studium porównawczym zapisów dwóch odpowiadających sobie form dopełniacza liczby pojedynczej leksemu „deszcz”, poświadczonych w bliźniaczych polskich edycjach „Ksiąg o gospodarstwie domowym” Piotra Krescentyna z XVI wieku. W pierwodruku analizowana postać fleksyjna jest efektem błędu zecera, powstałym na skutek «osypania się składu»: w miejsce pierwotnego -u wstawiono -a. W przedruku z 1571 roku poprawiono fragment tekstu zdefektowany w wersji z 1549 roku, pozostawiając jednak postać „deszcza”.
EN
The aim of the article is to verify the hypothesis about the influence of a typesetter’s work (which was greater than it has so far been assumed) on the graphical and linguistic shape of prints from the first half of 16th century. The verification is based on a comparative study of two synonymous singular genitive forms of the lexeme "deszcz" (Eng. rain) acknowledged in twin Polish editions of "Księgi o gospodarstwie domowym" (Eng. Books about the Household) by Piotr Krescentyn from the 16th century. In the first printing edition the analyzed accidental form was a result of the typesetter’s mistake — he made a common “typo” replacing the original suffix -u with the suffix -a. In the reprint edition from 1571 the defective fragment of the text version from 1549 was corrected, but the form "deszcza" instead of "deszczu" remained unchanged.
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Demorfologizacja rodzaju w liczbie mnogiej rzeczowników w Księgach o gospodarstwie Piotra Krescentyna (Kraków 1549, Helena Unglerowa)

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Osiewicz M.
Poznańskie Studia Polonistyczne. Seria Językoznawcza
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2019
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vol. 26
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issue 2
175-194
EN
The article is a continuation of the research on linguistic variance in the first Polish edition of Księgi o gospodarstwie by Piotr Krescentyn (Krakow 1549, Helena Unglerowa). The inflectional forms were analyzed: the dative, instrumental and locative of plural nouns. The investigated issues included: textual differentiation, scope and degree of normalization of the particular alterations. The results of the analysis were compared with the results of research on other texts from the first half of the 16th century. The conclusions are: a) the books certify the initial but advanced stage of the demorphologization process of gender in plural nouns; b) the text distribution of most variants is even, the discontinuous textual distribution is characterized by only three inflectional forms: koniem and ludziom in the dative case, -och in the instrumental of the plural form of masculines; c) the state certified in the books is in most categories convergent with the state certified in other texts, the exception is the form of the instrumental and locus of masculine and neuter nouns; d) in the analyzed area, Księgi show little convergence with the language of Glaber’s texts (preferring the forms: ludziem in the dative case, -ami in the instrumental case, occasional end-case -och in the locative of masculines).
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Oddziaływanie spółgłosek płynnych na poprzedzaj ące je samogłoski wąskie nietylne (na materiale listów polskich z I połowy XVI wieku)

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Osiewicz M.
Slavia Occidentalis
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2012
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issue 69
185-198
PL
This article attempts to prove the hypothesis on the “processual homogeneity” of the changes iR (*ŕ̥ *ir *yr) ≥ eR i iL ≥ eL. The source material for the following analysis has been excerpted from letters written in Polish between 1525–1550. Within the specified time brackets, the most dynamic is the process of the extension of the groups iR ≤ *ŕ̥ , whereas the extended combinations eR ≤ *ir *yr are characterized by far lower intensity. The extensions within the groups of the type eL are not numerous and rare. Textual extensions of the combinations eR and eL show a significant convergence: forms with eL are to be found mostly in those letters that consistently demonstrate and provide evidence of the occurrence of the group eR; while they are virtually non-existent in the texts that document exclusively the combination iR. This fact confirms the hypothesis that combines both types of change into one process. The author does not associate the dependencies in the different pace of both phenomena and their different outcome with phonetic factors, but with the sensitivity to phonotactic and phonostatistical provisions and patterns, as well as with the morphological placement of the dyads under scrutiny. This interpretation, in turn, provides a new insight into the nature of the process of shaping linguistic norms: all the contributing processes have random (non-purposeful) origins, and their constraints involve a necessity to retain the necessary minimum of the internal balance.
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Zróżnicowanie tekstowe, zakres i stopień normalizacji wariantywności fonetycznej w Księgach o gospodarstwie (Kraków 1549, Helena Unglerowa)

100%
Osiewicz M.
Poznańskie Studia Polonistyczne. Seria Językoznawcza
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2016
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vol. 23
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issue 2
135-158
PL
The article summarize a number of analysis of the phonetic variance acknowledged in the first Polish edition of Księgi o gospodarstwie by Piotr Krescentyn (Kraków 1549, H. Unglerowa). Investigated issues included: textual differentiation, scope and degree of normalization of the particular alternations. In a sample of 11 analyzed phonetic oppositions the biggest textual differentiation demonstrate: mdl- || -mgl-, jestli || jesli, biał- || białł- oraz miedzy || między. The most clearly seen border of textual forms differentiation runs between column 384 and 381a and is already known from the graphic and typographic analyses. The degree of normalization of the particular variants, diversified in terms of textual localization, allows to divide the examined antique print on 9 textual areas. Among these, two areas distinguish: Cresc61–137, with the lowest degree of normalization and the highest level of the regressive form usage, and Cresc573–605, characterized by high rates of the norm-setting variants occurrence and the progressive forms preference. Quite numerous dialect words from Wielkopolska, the most likely adopted from handwritten basis for print, appeared in the text. The results of analysis substantiate the hypothesis which attributes the translation authorship to Andrzej Glaber from Kobylin.
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Analiza kwantytatywno-porównawcza słownictwa Ksiąg o gospodarstwie Piotra Krescentyna (1549)

100%
Osiewicz M.
Poznańskie Studia Polonistyczne. Seria Językoznawcza
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2012
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vol. 19
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issue 1
67-92
PL
The article presents the results of a quantitative analysis of the vocabulary attested in the Polish translation of the work of Pietro de‘ Crescenzi (Piotr Krescentyn) Księgi o gospodarstwie (original title: Opus ruralium commodorum) against the statystical characteristics of the translations of the New Testament from the latter half of the sixteenth century and the beginning of the seventeenth century, and the text of Wizerunek własny żywota człowieka poczciwego (The Life of the Honest Man) by Mikołaj Rej. The following statystical parameters were studied: the number of words, the number of entries, K quantity factor, arithmetic mean of the frequency of entries, dispersion of entries, vocabulary originality parameter I, distribution of the autosemantic parts of speech (lexical category) and the distribution of individual autosemantic parts of speech (lexical categories). The analysis shows that, with regard to the statistical approach, the vocabulary of Księgi... is rather closer to Wizerunek than to the translations of the New Testament – in comparison to the latter, Księgi... is characterized by a far more ample vocabulary, greater number of entries and autosemantic words, greater number of attested nouns, adverbs in particular (the latter group is characterized by a higher percentage of entries with high frequency). Księgi..., as compared to the translations of the New Testament, also abounds with participles whose repertory is not only more numerous with regard to words but also to entries. The analysis confims the observation made by Władysław Kuraszkiewicz with reference to the dependence between the quantity of vocabulary and the content of texts – the closer it is to real life and refers to its diverse aspects, the richer vocabulary is used for its rendering.
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O możliwości technicznego uwarunkowania oboczności albo // abo w drukach polskich z XVI wieku

100%
Osiewicz M.
Poznańskie Studia Polonistyczne. Seria Językoznawcza
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2015
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vol. 22
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issue 1
185-202
PL
The article presents evidence of the use of variant forms albo // abo for typesetting purposes. To demonstrate this, the illustration material was used originating from five 16th-century prints in verse in which the form abo or albo appears only in long verses, brought to the right margin – which proves that the form was utilized because of its graphical and not linguistic features.
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Oboczność ir || er (≤*ir, yr) w Księgach o gospodarstwie (Kraków 1549, Helena Unglerowi)

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Osiewicz M.
Slavia Occidentalis
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2015
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issue 72/1
159-176
PL
This article presents a subsequent stage of research into the textual variability of alterations of the phonetic forms in the first Polish edition of Księgi o gospodarstwie by Piotr Krescentyn (Krakow 1549). The ir || er group has been analysed as continuants of the Proto-Slavic conjunctions *ir, yr. The status of the discussed phonetic alternation depends on the core location and the textual distribution. It has been established that within the specific cores, the status of the alternation attested in Cresc is related to the status identified in other printed texts of that time and is considerably progressive. The second part of the text (CrescII) tends to be much more normalized where the innovative forms are preferred. However, this part of the text also tends to be most diversified with respect to the analysed phonetic alternation. A differentiation of the textual distribution of the opposite forms has also revealed two new text boundaries stretching between columns 409/410 and 524/525.
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Wariantywność w zakresie realizacji grup spółgłoskowych w listach polskich z pierwszej połowy XVI wieku (kontynuanty połączeń *sŕ, *zŕ, *žŕ, *-(s)tьc-, *-(z)dьc- oraz grupy (-)vš-, (-)xv-, -dl-)

100%
Osiewicz M.
Poznańskie Studia Polonistyczne. Seria Językoznawcza
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2010
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vol. 16
183-199
PL
The purpose of the article is to describe the limits of phonetic variance within consonant groups listed in the article’s title and evidenced in Polish letters from the years 1525−1550, additionally taking into account the degree of standardization of individual variants, and also their chronological, phonetic, lexical, geographic and textual (idiolectic) conditioning. It stems from the presented analysis that within the discussed questions, the textual norm of the letters has a rather conservative character, which is corroborated by sole occurrence of traditional forms in the group of norm-creating variants. Despite this, the Polish language of the letters is characterised by significant openness – owing to a considerable share of innovative forms in the group of variants remaining outside the norm, although the majority of the analysed phonetic representations (13 forms) are the variants which were not accepted in the future by usage and the norm; some of them are the forms with limited, often dialectal (and even slang) scope. It must be also noted that within the analysed consonant groups, the Polish language used in the letters represents the situation basically identical with the situation presented in the printed texts from that period. There is just one significant difference concerning the simplification of the group (-)xv- ≥ (-)f-, with quite numerous evidence in the discussed letters (44%), and unrecorded in the studies on the Polish language of the printed material of the first half of the 16th century.
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Teoria determinizmu nieliniowego a perspektywy rozwojowe językoznawstwa

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Osiewicz M., Skibski K.
LingVaria : Półrocznik Wydziału Polonistyki UJ poświęcony zagadnieniom języka i językoznawstwa
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2010
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issue 1(9)
19-27
EN
The article has a theoretical character. Basing on Lakatos’ conception of knowledge development the authors propose linguistic adaptation of the theory of nonlinear determinism (so called ‘chaos theory’). In the process of the adaptation the ‘hard core’ of linguistic ‘research programme’ should be reorganised. The hard core consists of some deep and often unconsciously made assumptions, and the most important of them is Newtonian model of interpretation of the world based on differential calculus. Theory of nonlinear dynamics criticises mechanicism and instead of differential equation offers a system of differential equations increasing that way the explicative power of the model. The linguistic adaptation might be seen as a modifi cation of theoretical and methodological assumptions of former linguistics and as such it offers possibility to overcome limits of linguistic structuralism and to create research programme with more explicative power.
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Struktura statystyczna polskiego systemu graficznego. Analiza historyczno-porównawcza

63%
Osiewicz M., Skibski K.
Poznańskie Studia Polonistyczne. Seria Językoznawcza
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2012
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vol. 19
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issue 2
87-116
PL
This article presents a statistical and comparative analysis of four spelling conventions that represent different stages in the development of the Polish graphic system: the graphic system of a late-medieval manuscript (hand-written text), the standard spelling convention typical for the first half of the sixteenth century, the accepted and standard modern spelling of the first half of the twentieth century and the innovative set of graphic features used in electronic media. The characteristics of the statistical parameters encompasses dispersion and entropy in the first and the second row of letters, as well as in two-element sets (dyads). The analysis proves that: 1) inasmuch as the degree of differentiation of the distribution of signs, the history of Polish spelling convention prior to the solidification of the modern standard practice (accepted standard system) manifested a self-organizing tendency that was based on a reduction of letter signs and two-element letter combinations (ligatures) with the frequency of 1; 2) innovative solutions used in the set of graphic features characteristic for electronic media do not violate the statistical proportion between letters and their dyads operative and specific for modern standard graphic system 3) in respect to theory and information, the transformations of the graphic substance (graphic system) (within the analysed chronological timeframe) depended on neither progress (evolution) nor degradation.
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