EN
The paper examines the relationship between film and reality, which on the author’s view cannot be grasped without taking into account the viewer. For Bela Balazs the viewer is a part of the film world. Jean Epstein goes even further in his substituting an actor for a viewer. Balazs develops the concept of identification while Epstein’s idea is to subvert the viewer’s world of peace and certainties. Benjamin shows that watching a film is a two-way effect. Barthes’ aim is to show the place, from which this effect comes. Lyotard describes another particularity of the film. The stasis represents a situation when the film shows the limits of perception.