Overshadowed by kala. India‑Burma Relations

• Authors: Lubina Michał
• Languages of publication: EN

Abstracts

EN

India seems to fit well with Burma. Long common history, deep cultural relations, similar heritage and geographic proximity – all this should help to upgrade India‑Burma relations. There is, however, one major obstacle: a historical and cultural burden, which can be summarized by the Burmese name for Indians: kala. Literally kala means “alien,” but at present it refers to Indians only. In Burmese conditions it has a wider, metaphorical meaning: something between “unwanted,” “hated” and “despicable.” In this sense, kala is a cultural phenomenon, a kind of “burdensome heritage” that influences the political relations between India and Burma. In this way, kala still looms large on the horizon of India‑Burma relations blocks their development.

Keywords

EN

kala; Burma; Myanmar; India; India‑Burma relations

• Publisher: Księgarnia Akademicka
• Journal: Politeja : Pismo Wydziału Studiów Miedzynarodowych i Politycznych Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego
• Year: 2016
• Issue: 40
• Pages: 435-454

Contributors

author

Lubina Michał

• Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Poland

References

• Adas M., The Burma Delta. Economic Development and Social Change on an Asian Rice Frontier 1854‑1941, Madison 1974.
• Adler E., ‘Seizing the Middle Ground: Constructivism in World Politics,’ European Journal of International Relations, Vol. 3, No. 3 (1997), at <http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1354066197003003003>.
• Aung San Suu Kyi, Freedom from Fear and Other Writings, London 2010.
• Aung San Suu Kyi, Voice of Hope. Conversation with Alan Clement, London 1996.
• Aung‑Thwin M., ‘British “Pacification” of Burma: Order without Meaning,’ Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, Vol. 16, No. 2 (1985).
• Aung‑Thwin M., Aung‑Thwin M., A History of Myanmar since Ancient Times, London 2012.
• Butwell R., U Nu of Burma, Stanford 1957.
• Callahan M., Making Enemies. War and State Building in Burma, Ithaca, N.Y. 2003.
• Carey P., Burma. The Challenge of Change in a Divided Society, New York 1997.
• Chakravarti N.R., The Indian Minority in Burma. Rise and Decline of an Immigrant Community, London 1971.
• Charney M.W., A History of Modern Burma, Cambridge 2009.
• Christian J., ‘Burma,’ Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol. 226 (1943).
• Craddock R., The Dilemma in India, London 1929.
• Crossthwaite Ch., The Pacification of Burma, London 1912.
• Dalrymple W., The Last Mughal. The Fall of a Dynasty. Delhi 1857, New York 2006.
• Fink Ch., Living Silence in Burma. Surviving under Military Role, Bangkok 2009.
• Furnivall J.S., Colonial Policy and Practice. A Comparative Study of Burma and Netherlands India, New York 1956.
• Furnivall J.S., ‘The Fashioning of the Leviathan,’ Journal of the Burma Research Society, Vol. 29, No. 3 (1939).
• The Glass Palace Chronicle of the Kings of Burma, trans. by Pe Maung Tin and G.H. Luce, Rangoon 1960.
• Gosh A., The Glass Palace, London 2000.
• Gosh L. (ed.), India-Myanmar Relations. Historical Links to Contemporary Convergences, New Dehli 2016.
• Guyot D., The Political Impact on the Japanese Occupation, Ph.D. dissertation, Yale University 1966.
• Harvey G.E., British Rule in Burma 1824‑1942, London 1946.
• Lintner B., Burma in Revolt. Opium and Insurgency since 1948, Chiang Mai 1999.
• Lintner B., Outrage. Burma’s Struggle for Democracy, Bangkok 1990.
• Lubina M., Birma, Warszawa 2014 (Historia Państw Świata w XX i XXI Wieku).
• Lubina M., Birma: centrum kontra peryferie. Kwestia etniczna we współczesnej Birmie 1948‑2013 [Burma: Center versus Peripheries. The Ethnic Question in Contemporary Burma 1948‑2013], Kraków 2014.
• Maung M., The Burma Road to Poverty, New York 1991.
• Maung Maung, The 1988 Uprising in Burma, New Heaven 1999.
• Maung Maung, Burmese National Movements, 1940‑1948, Honolulu 1990.
• Maung Maung Gyi, Burmese Political Values. Socio‑Political Roots of Authoritarianism, New York 1983.
• McCrae A., Scots in Burma. Golden Times in a Golden Land, Edinburgh 1990.
• Mehden F.R. von der, Religion and Nationalism in Southeas Asia. Burma, Indonesia and Philippines, Madison 1963.
• Morgenthau H., Politics Among Nations. The Struggle for Power and Peace, Boston 2006.
• Popham P., The Lady and the Peacock. The Life of Aung San Suu Kyi, London 2011.
• Pye L.W., Politics, Personality and Nation Building. Burma’s Search for Identity, New Heaven 1962.
• Rotberg I. (ed.), Burma. Prospects for a Democratic Future, Washington 1999.
• Seekins D.M., Historical Dictionary of Burma (Myanmar), Lanham, Md. 2006, p. 219 (Historical Dictionaries on Asia, Oceania and the Middle East).
• Silverstein J., Burmese Politics. The Dilemma of National Unity, New Brunswick 1980.
• Smith M., Burma. Insurgency and the Politics of Ethnicity, Dhaka 1999.
• Spiro M., Buddhism and Society. A Great Tradition and Its Burmese Vicissitudes, Berkeley 1982.
• Steinberg D., Burma. A Socialist Nation in Southeast Asia, Boulder 1982.
• Steinberg D.I., Burma. The State in Myanmar, Washington 2001.
• Taylor R.H., The State in Myanmar, Singapore 2009.
• Thant Myint‑U, The Making of Modern Burma, New York 2001.
• Thant Myint‑U, The River of Lost Footsteps. A Personal History of Burma, New York 2008.
• Thant Myint‑U, Where China Meets India. Burma and the New Crossroads of Asia, New York 2011.
• Tinker H., The Union of Burma. A Study of the First Years of Independence, London 1957.
• Udar Baskar C., ‘Myanmar: Advancing India’s Interests through Engagements’ in B. Challeny (ed.), Securing India’s Future in the New Millennium, New Delhi 1999.
• Whintle J., Perfect Hostage. Aung San Suu Kyi, Burma and the Generals, London 2007.
• Yegar M., Muslims of Burma. A Study of a Minority Group, Wiesbaden 1972.
• Yoe S., The Burman. His Life and Notions, New York (reprint from 1882) (Norton Library, N212).

Identifiers

DOI

10.12797/Politeja.13.2016.40.26