Full-text resources of CEJSH and other databases are now available in the new Library of Science.
Visit https://bibliotekanauki.pl

PL EN


2020 | 27 | 1 |

Article title

Religia i migracje wewnętrzne w procesach indonezjanizacji i islamizacji Papui Zachodniej

Content

Title variants

Languages of publication

PL

Abstracts

PL
Migracje wewnętrzne stanowią coraz większy problem w społeczeństwach wieloetnicznych. Indonezja jest jednym z najbardziej różnorodnych krajów na świecie i domem dla setek grup etnicznych zjednoczonych w ramach głównej idei – tożsamości narodowej. Jednak koncepcja ta pozostaje niejasna dla wielu Indonezyjczyków, szczególnie tych mieszkających poza centralną, przeludnioną Jawą i Madurą. Aby osiągnąć utopijną jedność, prezydent Suharto (1967–1998) wprowadził program „transmigracji”, który przeniósł ludzi z przeludnionych terytoriów na tak zwane „wyspy zewnętrzne”. Oficjalne plany podkreślały jego gospodarcze i rozwojowe znaczenie, ale transmigracja była również politycznym narzędziem do wprowadzenia procesów indonezjanizacji i islamizacji. Korzystając z teorii wewnętrznego kolonializmu Michaela Hechtera, autorka popiera swój argument sprawozdaniami i dokumentami dotyczącymi przypadku Zachodniej Papui we wschodniej Indonezji. Terytorium z separatystycznym doświadczeniem i silnym pragnieniem wielkiej autonomii stanowi dobry przykład prób celowej indonezjanizacji i islamizacji. Przytłaczająca liczba wewnętrznych migrantów, jawajskich muzułmanów, stopniowo osłabiała jedność chrześcijańskich Papuasów. Brak równowagi między tymi grupami powoduje ciągłe napięcie w zmieniającym się społeczeństwie. Na podstawie tego argumentu przedstawiony jest wpływ migracji wewnętrznej w szerszym kontekście. Autorka zwraca uwagę na dynamikę struktury religijnej i etnicznej przed upadkiem reżimu Nowego Ładu i po nim i twierdzi, że procesy indonezjanizacji i islamizacji mają kluczowe znaczenie dla dalszego istnienia Papuasów i rozwiązań przyjętych przez państwo indonezyjskie.
EN
Internal migrations are a growing problem in multiethnic societies. Indonesia is one of the most diverse countries in the world and home for hundreds of ethnic groups united under the main idea – national identity. But this concept remains unclear for many Indonesians, especially those living outside the central, overpopulated Java and Madura. To achieve the utopian unity, President Suharto (1967–1998) introduced the "transmigration" program, which moved people from overcrowded territories to the so-called "outer islands". The official plans emphasised its economic and development importance, but I argue that transmigration was also a political tool for introducing the processes of Indonesianisation and Islamisation. Using Michael Hechter’s theory of internal colonialism, I support my argument with reports and documents referring to the case of West Papua in Eastern Indonesia. The territory with separatist experience and a strong desire for a great autonomy serve as a good example of attempts of deliberate Indonesianisation and Islamisation. An overwhelming number of internal migrants, Javanese Muslims, gradually diluted the unity of Christian Papuans. The lack of balance between these groups creates a constant tension in a changing society. Based on the argument, I explain the influence of internal migration in a wider context. I pay attention to the dynamism of religious and ethnic structure before and after the fall of the New Order regime. I argue that the processes of Indonesianisation and Islamisation are crucial for the further existence of Papuans and solutions adopted by the Indonesian state.

Year

Volume

27

Issue

1

Physical description

Dates

published
2020
online
2020-06-30

Contributors

References

  • Anderson, B. 1983. Old State, New Society: Indonesia's New Order in Comparative Historical Perspective, ,"The Journal of Asian Studies", vol. 42(3), pp. 477–496, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2055514.
  • Anderson, B. 2015. Papua's Insecurity. State Failure in the Indonesian Periphery, Policy Studies 73, East-West Center, Honolulu, http://hdl.handle.net/10125/37598 (access: 05.06.2018).
  • Aritonang, J.S., Steenbrink, K. 2008. A History of Christianity in Indonesia, BRILL, Leiden.
  • Ballard, C. 1999. Blanks in the writing: Possible histories for West New Guinea, "The Journal of Pacific History", vol. 34(2), pp. 149–155, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00223349908572899.
  • Bechelard, M. 2014. Papuan children taken to Jakarta to be converted to Islam, http://www.smh.com.au/world/papuan-children-taken-to-jakarta-to-be-converted-to-islam-20140301-33soq.html (access: 05.06.2018).
  • Braithwaite, J., Duhn, L. 2010. Maluku and North Maluku, [in:] Anomie and Violence: Non-Truth and Reconciliation in Indonesian Peacebuilding, J. Braithwaite, V. Braithwaite (eds.), ANU E Press, Canberra, pp. 147–242.
  • Conflict Management in Indonesia – an Analysis of the Conflicts in Maluku, Papua and Poso. 2011. The Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Current Asia and the Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue, https://www.hdcentre.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/5ConflictManagementinIndonesia-June-2011.pdf (access: 05.06.2018).
  • Document INPRES 1/2003, http://papuaweb.org/goi/pp/inpres2003-1.html (access: 25.05.2018).
  • Elmslie, J. 2007. West Papua: Genocide, Demographic Change, the Issue of ‘Intent’ and the Australia-Indonesia Security Treaty, the paper presented during the conference "West Papua: Paths to Justice and Prosperity", the University of Sydney, 9-10 August 2007, http://sydney.edu.au/arts/peace_conflict/docs/Indo%20Solidarity%20paper.pdf (access: 31.05.2018).
  • Elmslie, J., Webb-Gannon, C. 2013. A Slow-Motion Genocide: Indonesian Rule in West Papua, "Griffith Journal of Law & Human Dignity", vol. 1(2), pp. 142–166.
  • Farhadian, C.E. 2005. Christianity, Islam and Nationalism in Indonesia, Routledge, New York.
  • Farhadian, C.E. 2013. Religious Changes Afoot in Papua, "Perspective", https://www.etan.org/issues/wpapua/2013/1312wpap.htm (access: 20.05.2018).
  • Gietzelt, D. 1989. The Indonesianization of West Papua, "Oceania”, no. 59, pp. 201–221, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1834-4461.1989.tb02322.x.
  • Hardjono, J.M. 1986. Transmigration: Looking to the Future, "Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies”, vol. 22(2), pp. 28–53, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00074918612331334814.
  • Hechter, M. 1975. Internal Colonialism. The Celtic Fringe in British National Development, 1536-1966, University of California Press, Los Angeles.
  • Indonesia: Communal Tensions in Papua. 2008. International Crisis Group, http://www.ecoi.net/file_upload/2107_1307342933_neu.pdf (access: 20.05.2017).
  • King, P. 2004. West Papua & Indonesia Since Suharto: Independence, Autonomy Or Chaos?, University of South New Wales Press Ltd, Sydney.
  • Kipp, R. S. 1996. Dissociated identities: ethnicity, religion, and class in an Indonesian society, The University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
  • May, R. J. 1992. The Religious Factor in Three Minority Movements: The Moro of the Philippines, the Malays of Thailand, and Indonesia's West Papuans, "Contemporary Southeast Asia”, vol. 13(4), pp. 396–414.
  • McCulloch, L. 2001. Disorder in Megawati's 'New' Indonesia, IBRU Boundary and Security Bulletin.
  • Mote, O., Rutherford, D. 2001. From Irian Jaya to Papua: The Limits of Primordialism in Indonesia's Troubled East, "Indonesia", vol. 72, pp. 115–140, DOI: http://doi.org/10.2307/3351483.
  • Police chiefs under fire as police kill boy and inflame religious tensions,
  • 20 July 2015, https://www.freewestpapua.org/2015/07/20/police-chiefs-under-fire-as-police-kill-boy-and-inflame-religious-tensions/ (access: 12.06.2018).
  • Ricklefs, M.C. 2001. A History of Modern Indonesia since c.1200 (3rd ed.), Palgrave Macmillan, Hampshire.
  • Roosman, R.S. 1975. Operation Task Force: Rural Development in Irian Jaya, "Yagl-Ambu”, vol. 2(2), pp. 158–168.
  • Rutherford, D. 2008. Why Papua Wants Freedom: The Third Person in Contemporary Nationalism, "Public Culture”, vol. 20(2), pp. 345–373, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1215/08992363-2007-029.
  • Scott, C., Tebay, N. 2005. The West Papua conflict and its consequences for the Island of New Guinea: Root causes and the campaign for Papua, land of peace, "The Round Table: The Commonwealth Journal of International Affairs”, vol. 94(382), pp. 599–612.
  • Suryadinata, L., Arifin, E.N., Ananta, A. 2003. Indonesia’s Population: Ethnicity and Religion in a Changing Political Landscape, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Singapore.
  • Suter, K. 1982. West Irian, East Timor, and Indonesia, Minority Rights Group, London.
  • Tebay, N. 2005. West Papua. The Struggle for Peace with Justice, Catholic Institute for International Relations, London.
  • Timmer, J. 2003. Narratives of government and church among the Imyan of Papua/Irian Jaya, Indonesia, State Society and Governance in Melanesia – Discussing Paper.
  • Tomsa, D. 2008. Party Politics and Democratization in Indonesia Golkar in the post-Suharto era, Routledge, New York.
  • Trajano, J.C.I. 2010. Ethnic Nationalism and Separatism in West Papua, Indonesia, Journal of Peace, "Conflict and Development”, no. 16, pp. 12–35.
  • UN Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide http://www.ohchr.org/EN/ProfessionalInterest/Pages/CrimeOfGenocide.aspx (access: 6.06.2018).
  • Upton S. 2009. The impact of migration on the people of Papua, Indonesia. A historical demographic analysis, unpublished PhD thesis, University of South New Wales, http://papuaweb.org/dlib/s123/upton/_phd.pdf (access: 15.10.2018).
  • Van den Broek, T., Szalay, A. 2001. Raising the Morning Star: Six months in the developing independence movement in West Papua, "The Journal of Pacific History”, vol. 36(1), pp. 77–92.
  • Van den Broek, T. 2006. A Peace Mission: The Church Response to Conflict the West Papua Case, [in:] Papua Land of Peace: Addressing Conflict Building Peace in West Papua, J. Budi Hernawan (ed.), Office for Justice and Peace, Jayapura.
  • Wanandi, J. 2002. Islam in Indonesia: Its History, Development and Future Challenges, "Asia-Pacific Review”, vol. 9(2), pp. 104–112, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1343900022000036115.
  • Warta, C. 2010. Not to Be Neglected: The Religious Landscape in West Papua, Oxford Transitional Justice Working Paper Series, https://www.law.ox.ac.uk/sites/files/oxlaw/warta-religioninwestpapua-final1.pdf (access: 24.05.2018).
  • Weber, M. 1978. Economy and Society, University of California Press, Berkeley.
  • Żuchowski, D. 2015. Zapomniany genocyd. Analiza praktyk ludobójczych Indonezyjczyków wobec mieszkańców Papui Zachodniej, "Studia Socjologiczno-Polityczne”, vol. 4(2), pp. 87–108.

Document Type

Publication order reference

Identifiers

YADDA identifier

bwmeta1.element.ojs-doi-10_17951_k_2020_27_1_25-42
JavaScript is turned off in your web browser. Turn it on to take full advantage of this site, then refresh the page.