The treatment of irregular migrants during COVID-19: A comparative analysis of Italian and Portuguese responses

• Authors: Salvatore FP Barillà , Alberto Pellicanò

Title variants

PL

Stosunek do nieregularnych imigrantów w czasie pandemii COVID-19. Analiza porównawcza podejść włoskiego i portugalskiego

• Languages of publication: EN

Abstracts

EN

The aim of the article is to compare two emergency migration legislation adopted in Italy and Portugal. The article attempts to prove the link between integration and law, analyzing the different approaches of Italy and Portugal to the policy problem during the COVID-19 pandemic. As two of the Southern EU Member States with different views on immigration policies, Italy and Portugal represent an interesting case study to investigate. The article benefits from an interdisciplinary approach, addressing the issue, combining both the legal and political literature. Ultimately, the article tries to assess if the current measures are in line with the regularization policies that have been adopted in the past decade. The main finding is that both states tend to pass emergency legislation favoring migrants and granting them equal access to healthcare during the COVID-19 pandemic, assessing the link between law and integration. Further empirical research is desirable.

PL

Celem artykułu jest porównanie nadzwyczajnego prawa imigracyjnego przyjętego we Włoszech i Portugalii. W artykule podjęto próbę wskazania zależności między integracją a prawem, opierając się na analizie włoskiego i portugalskiego podejścia do polityki imigracyjnej w czasie pandemii COVID-19. Włochy i Portugalia, dwa południowe państwa członkowskie UE o różnych podejściach do polityki imigracyjnej, stanowią ciekawy problem badawczy. Zastosowano interdyscyplinarne podejście badawcze, które umożliwia wypełnienie celu postawionego przez autorów na podstawie literatury prawnej i politologicznej. W artykule podjęto także próbę oceny, czy obecnie stosowane środki wpisują się w politykę regularyzacji, wdrażaną od dekady. Oceniając powiązania między prawem a integracją, uznano, że w obu państwach zostały przyjęte nadzwyczajne regulacje sprzyjające imigrantom i gwarantujące im równy dostęp do opieki zdrowotnej w czasie pandemii. Wskazane jest prowadzenie dalszych badań empirycznych.

Keywords

EN

migration; Italy; Portugal; COVID-19; integration; law; migration; Italy; Portugal; COVID-19; integration; law

PL

migracja; Włochy; Portugalia; COVID-19; integracja; prawo

• Publisher: Szkoła Główna Handlowa w Warszawie
• Journal: Studia z Polityki Publicznej
• Year: 2020
• Volume: 7
• Issue: 4(28)
• Pages: 123-138

Dates

published

2020-11-18

Contributors

author

Salvatore FP Barillà

• School of Social and Political Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Wielka Brytania

• https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0854-1349

author

Alberto Pellicanò

• Biuro Banku Światowego na Europę Południową, Grupa Banku Światowego, Rzym, Włochy

References

• Alto Comissariado para as Migraęoes (2020). ACM. Retrieved from: https://www.acm.gov.pt/inicio (accessed: 29.07.2020).
• Approvazione del documento programmatico relativo alla politica dell'immigrazione e degli stranieri nel territorio dello Stato, a norma dell'art. 3 della legge 6 marzo 1998, n. 40, Decreto del Presidente della Repubblica (1998).
• Baldwin-Edwards, M. (1998). Where Free Markets Reign: Aliens in the Twilight Zone. South European Society and Politics, 3(3): 1-15. DOI: 10.1080/13608740308539545.
• Beine, M., Burgoon, B.B., Crock, M., Gest, J., Hiscox, M., McGovern, P., Rapoport, H., Thielemann, E. (2015). Measuring immigration policies: Preliminary evidence from IMPALA. CESifo Economic Studies, 61(3-4): 527-559. DOI: 10.1093/cesifo/ifu038.
• Benhabib, J. (1996). On the political economy of immigration. European Economic Review, 40 (9): 1737-1743.
• Blinder, S. (2015). Imagined Immigration: The Impact of Different Meanings of 'Immigrants' in Public Opinion and Policy Debates in Britain. Political Studies, 63(1): 80-100. DOI: 10.1111/1467-9248.12053.
• Boeri, T., Hanson, G.H., McCormick, B., Fondazione Rodolfo Debenedetti (Eds.) (2002). Immigration policy and the welfare system: A report for the Fondazione Rodolfo Debenedetti. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Brick, K. (2011). Regularizations in the European Union: The contentious policy tool. Migration Policy Institute. Retrieved from: https://www.migrationpolicy.org/research/regularizations-european-union (accessed: 29.07.2020).
• Card, D., Dustmann, C., & Preston, I. (2012). Immigration, wages, and compositional amenities. Journal of the European Economic Association, 10(1): 78-119. DOI: 10.1111/j.1542-4774.2011.01051.x.
• Casarico, A., Facchini, G., Frattini, T. (2018). What drives the legalization of immigrants? Evidence from IRCA. Regional Science and Urban Economics, 70: 258-273. DOI: 10.1016/j. regsciurbeco.2018.01.009.
• Citrin, J., Green, D.P., Muste, C., Wong, C. (1997). Public Opinion Toward Immigration Reform: The Role of Economic Motivations. The Journal of Politics, 59(3): 858-881. DOI: 10.2307/2998640.
• Determina que a gestao dos atendimentos e agendamentos seja feita de forma a garantir inequivocamente os direitos de todos os cidadaos estrangeiros com processos pendentes no Servięo de Estrangeiros e Fronteiras, no ambito do COVID 19, Pub.L. No. 3863-B/2020(2020).
• Disposizioni in materia di contrasto ai fenomeni del lavoro nero, dello sfruttamento del lavoro in agricoltura e di riallineamento retributivo nel settore agricolo, Pub.L. No. 199/2016, Legge (2016). Retrieved from: https://www.gazzettaufficiale.it/eli/id/2016/11/3/16G00213/sg (accessed: 29.07.2020).
• Disposizioni in materia di sicurezza pubblica, Pub.L. No. 94/2009, Law (2009).
• Disposizioni urgenti in materia di ordine e sicurezza pubblica, Pub.L. No. 53/2019, Decreto legge (2019).
• Disposizioni urgenti in materia di protezione internazionale e immigrazione, sicurezza pubblica, nonche' misure per la funzionalita' del Ministero dell'interno e l'organizzazione e il funzionamento dell'Agenzia nazionale per l'amministrazione e la destinazione dei beni sequestrati e confiscati alla criminalita' organizzata, Pub.L. No. 113/2018, Decreto legge (2018).
• European Commission (2019a, November 21). Governance of Migrant Integration in Portugal. European Website on Integration: Migrant Integration Information and Good Practices Service. Retrieved from: https://ec.europa.eu/migrant-integration/governance/portugal (accessed: 29.07.2020).
• European Commission (2019b, December 19). Governance of Migrant Integration in Italy. European Website on Integration: Migrant Integration Information and Good Practices. Retrieved from: https://ec.europa.eu/migrant-integration/governance/italy (accessed: 29.07.2020).
• European Commission (2020a). European Web Site on Integration: Migrant Integration Information and Good Practices. Retrieved from: https://ec.europa.eu/migrant-integration/home (accessed: 29.07.2020).
• European Commission (2020b, July 1). Portugal: More multilingual information on Covid-19 for migrants. European Website on Integration: Migrant Integration Information and Good Practices. Retrieved from: https://ec.europa.eu/migrant-integration/news/portugal-more-multilingual-information-on-covid-19-for-migrants (accessed: 29.07.2020).
• Facchini, G., Mayda, A.M. (2010). What Drives Immigration Policy? Evidence Based on a Survey of Governments' Officials. In: G.S. Epstein, I.N. Gang (Eds.), Frontiers of Economics and Globalization (pp. 605-648). Bingley: Emerald. DOI:10.1108/S1574-8715(2010) 0000008031.
• Facchini, G., Mayda, A.M. (2018). Migration policy: Patterns, perceptions and political-economy determinants (No. 128287). World Bank. Retrieved from: https://documents.worldbank. org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail/838661551283392520/migration-policy-patterns-perceptions-and-political-economy-determinants (accessed: 29.07.2020).
• Facchini, G., Willmann, G. (2005). The political economy of international factor mobility. Journal of International Economics, 67(1): 201-219.
• FAO (2020a). Legal considerations in the context of responses to COVID-19 to mitigate the risk of food insecurity. FAO. DOI: 10.4060/ca8615en.
• FAO (2020b). Legal mechanisms to contribute to safe and secured food supply chains in times of COVID-19. FAO. DOI: 10.4060/ca9121en.
• Finotelli, C., Sciortino, G. (2009). The Importance of Being Southern: The Making of Policies of Immigration Control in Italy. European Journal of Migration and Law, 11(2): 119-138. DOI: 10.1163/157181609X439998.
• Gest, J., Boucher, A., Challen, S., Burgoon, B., Thielemann, E., Beine, M., McGovern, P., Crock, M., Rapoport, H., Hiscox, M. (2014). Measuring and Comparing Immigration, Asylum and Naturalization Policies Across Countries: Challenges and Solutions. Global Policy, 5(3): 261-274. DOI: 10.1111/1758-5899.12132.
• Groenendijk, K. (2004). Legal Concepts of Integration in EU Migration Law. European Journal of Migration and Law, 6(2), 111-126. DOI: 10.1163/1571816042885969.
• Helbling, M., Bjerre, L., Romer, F., Zobel, M. (2013). The Immigration Policies in Comparison (IMPIC) Index: The Importance of a Sound Conceptualization. Migration and Citizenship, 1(2). Retrieved from: https://faculty.sites.uci.edu/sgoodman/files/2011/03/MigCit-Newsletter-Vol1-2_Summer-2013.pdf (accessed: 29.07.2020).
• Hofinger, C. (1998). Measurement and indicators of integration [Community Relations]. Directorate of Social and Economic Affairs; Council of Europe. Retrieved from: https://www.coe.int/t/dg3/migration/archives/documentation/Series_Community_Relations/Measurement_indicators_integration_en.pdf (accessed: 29.07.2020).
• II Plan for the Integration of Immigrants (PII), Pub.L. No. 74/2010, Resolution of the Council of Ministers (2010).
• Implementaęao de um procedimento simplificado de instruęao dos pedidos de concessao de autorizaęao de residencia, Pub.L. No. 5793-A/2020(2020).
• Italian Government (2020). Predisposizione del "decreto-flussi" in attuazione del decreto legislativo 25 luglio 1998, n. 286. Governo Italiano Presidenza Del Consiglio Dei Ministri. Retrieved from: http://www.governo.it/it/dipartimenti/dica-att-decretoflussi/9206 (accessed: 29.07.2020).
• Jinkang, A. (2019, February 13). Italian Law Combating Severe Labour Exploitation in Agriculture.
• Centro Piemontese Studi Africani - Centre for African Studies. Retrieved from: http://csapiemonte.it/sites/default/files/Italian%20Law%20Combating%20Severe%20Labour%20 Exploitation%20in%20Agriculture%20-%20Alagie%20Jinkang.pdf (accessed: 29.07.2020).
• Legal framework of entry, permanence, exit and removal of foreigners into and out of national territory, Pub.L. No. 23/2007(2007). Retrieved from: https://www.refworld.org/docid/48e4910b2.html (accessed: 29.07.2020).
• Lei de Estrangeiros, Pub.L. No. 102/2017, Lei (2017).
• Llavador, H., Solano-Garda, A. (2011). Immigration policy with partisan parties. Journal of Public Economics, 95(1-2): 134-142. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpubeco.2010.09.011.
• Mayda, A.M. (2005). Who Is Against Immigration? A Cross-Country Investigation of Individual Attitudes towards Immigrants. IDEAS Working Paper Series from RePEc. Retrieved from: https://search-proquest-com.ezproxy.is.ed.ac.uk/docview/1698393386? accountid=10673 (accessed: 29.07.2020).
• Misure urgenti in materia di salute, sostegno al lavoro e all'economia, nonche' di politiche sociali connesse all'emergenza epidemiologica da COVID-19, Pub.L. No. 34/2020, Decreto legge (2020). Retrieved from: https://www.gazzettaufficiale.it/eli/id/2020/05/19/20G00052/sg (accessed: 29.07.2020).
• Modifica alla normativa in materia di immigrazione e di asilo, Pub.L. No. 189/2002, Law (2002).
• Murphy, C. (2013). Immigration, integration and the law: The intersection of domestic, EU and international legal regimes. London, New York: Ashgate.
• Orrenius, P.M., Zavodny, M. (2016). Irregular immigration in the European Union. IDEAS Working Paper Series from RePEc. Retrieved from: https://search-proquest-com.ezproxy. is.ed.ac.uk/docview/1768394685?accountid=10673 (accessed: 29.07.2020).
• Ortega, F. (2005). Immigration quotas and skill upgrading. Journal of Public Economics, 89 (9-10): 1841-1863.
• Palumbo, L. (2020, June 8). The Italian Plan for Regularisation: Real progress for migrants' rights? MPC Blog Debate Migration. Retrieved from: https://blogs.eui.eu/migrationpolicycentre/italian-plan-regularisation-real-progress-migrants-rights/ (accessed: 29.07.2020).
• Press Office of the Constitutional Court (2020). Decreto sicurezza: The provision barring asylum seekers from registering with the registry office is unreasonable. Retrieved from: https://www.cortecostituzionale.it/documenti/download/pdf/decreto_sicurezza_press_release_20200709190001.pdf (accessed: 29.07.2020).
• Resoluęao do Conselho de Ministros n.0 63-A/2007, Pub. L. No. 63-A/2007 (2007).
• SEFSTAT (2020). Evoluęao Global da Populaęao Estrangeira 1980-2019. SEFSTAT Portal de Estatistica. Retrieved from: https://sefstat.sef.pt/forms/evolucao.aspx (accessed: 29.07.2020).
• Sides, J., Citrin, J. (2007). European Opinion About Immigration: The Role of Identities, Interests and Information. British Journal of Political Science, 37(3): 477-504. DOI: 10.1017/S0007123407000257.
• Strategic Plan for Migration, Pub.L. No. 12-B/2015, Resolution of the Council of Ministers (2015).
• Testo unico delle disposizioni concernenti la disciplina dell'immigrazione e norme sulla condizione dello straniero, 286/1998 Decreto Legislativo (1998).
• Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, OJ C 326(2012).

Identifiers

DOI

10.33119/KSzPP/2020.4.7