Sovereignty, Nationalism, Populism

• Authors: Jeremy Rabkin

Title variants

PL

Suwerenność, nacjonalizm, populizm

Abstracts

PL

Nacjonaliści nie identyfikują się z jednym ustrojem, jednak dążą do tworzenia i utrzymania suwerennych państw narodowych. Nie budzi wątpliwości, że Unia Europejska jest zagrożeniem dla tradycyjnie rozumianej suwerenności ze względu na transfer władzy ustawodawczej z parlamentów krajowych do amorficznej struktury ponadnarodowej. Zwraca uwagę, że USA nigdy nie przystąpiły do organizacji dysponującej niezależną władzą prawodawczą. Ponadto obrona państw narodowych nie musi być powiązana z nacjonalizmem, ten zaś nie występuje zawsze obok tak czy inaczej definiowanego populizmu. Populizm przybiera różne formy. W Polsce i na Węgrzech populiści mają większość w parlamentach i są mocno związani z tradycyjnymi instytucjami. Donald Trump miał poparcie dzięki kreacji wizerunku rozgniewanego „prostego chłopa”, z którym utożsamiali się lekceważeni przez elity obywatele. Był też interesujący dzięki ignorowaniu reguł politycznej poprawności. Jednakże retoryka Trumpa dewaluuje najważniejsze instytucje ustroju USA. Ponadto zarówno on sam, jak i jego zwolennicy skłaniają się ku teoriom spiskowym oraz prymatowi postawy zdroworozsądkowej, negującej wartość ekspertyz. Podobne zjawiska zachodzą w Europie. Choć brak jednolitej definicji, można powiedzieć, że populizm to przejaw frustracji przechodzącej w gniew, zagrażający zdrowemu nacjonalizmowi i stabilnej suwerenności. Nie tworzy on programu reform, a próżnię ideową zajmują demagodzy, kreujący się jednak na obrońców „wydziedziczonej większości” przed amorficznym „establishmentem”.

EN

Nationalists do not identify themselves with one particular political system, but they aim to create and sustain sovereign nation states. There is no doubt that European Union poses a threat to the sovereignty in a traditional sense due to the transfer of executive authority from the national parliaments to the amorphous supranational structure. It should be noted that United States have never acceded any organization with independent legislative power. Moreover, advocating the nation states does not have to go together with nationalism, while the latter not always occurs combined with the variously defined populism. Populism can put on different forms. In Poland and Hungary populists have majorities in respective parliaments and are strongly affiliated with traditional institutions. Donald Trump gained support thanks to the creation of an image of an angry ‘ordinary fellow’, which citizens disdained by the elites could relate to. He was also attracting interest, because he ignored the rules of political correctness. But Trump’s rhetoric devaluates the most crucial institutions of the American political system. Furthermore, both Trump and his supporters gravitate towards conspiracy theories and the primacy of common-sense attitude, denying the value of expert’s opinions. Similar phenomena are taking place in Europe. Although there is no one consistent definition of ‘populism’, one could say that populism is a symptom of frustration melting into anger that is a threat to the wholesome nationalism and enduring sovereignty. It does not constitute a reform programme, and the ideological void is filled by demagogues, however posing as guardians protecting the “disinherited majority” from the amorphous “establishment”.

Keywords

EN

United States; Donald Trump; populism; sovereignty; nationalism

PL

Stany Zjednoczone; populizm; suwerenność; nacjonalizm; Donald Trump

• Publisher: Uniwersytet Andrzeja Frycza Modrzewskiego w Krakowie
• Journal: Krakowskie Studia Międzynarodowe
• Year: 2021
• Issue: 1
• Pages: 85-105

Dates

published

2021

Contributors

author

Jeremy Rabkin

• George Mason University

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Identifiers

DOI

10.48269/2451-0610-ksm-2021-1-002

Biblioteka Nauki

2029632