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2024 | 50 | 51-67

Article title

Geopolitical dimensions of the Houthi interference with submarine cable communications in the Red Sea

Authors

Content

Title variants

PL
Geopolityczne uwarunkowania ingerencji Hutich w podmorską komunikację kablową na Morzu Czerwonym

Languages of publication

Abstracts

PL
W artykule zbadano możliwe celowe uszkodzenie 3 kabli podmorskich na Morzu Czerwonym przez jemeńskich Hutich. Rozważono historię wojny domowej w Jemenie, stanowiska polityczne stron oraz potencjalnych sojuszników Hutich, ich arsenał wojskowy oraz ich motywy. Ten temat jest bardziej aktualny niż kiedykolwiek z kilku powodów. Po pierwsze, bezpieczeństwo podmorskiej infrastruktury telekomunikacyjnej ma kluczowe znaczenie dla zapewnienia nieprzerwanego globalnego ruchu internetowego i wymiany danych. Po drugie, aktywna eskalacja konfliktu izraelsko-arabskiego i ataki Hutich na żeglugę na Morzu Czerwonym stwarzają poważne ryzyko i możliwe incydenty, które mogą prowadzić nie tylko do znacznych strat ekonomicznych, ale także do niestabilności geopolitycznej. W celu przeprowadzenia szczegółowej analizy sprawdzono badania naukowe i artykuły dotyczące wojny domowej w Jemenie, zaangażowania i wsparcia Iranu oraz zapewnienia niezbędnych zasobów wojskowych do ataków na lądzie i morzu, a także fizycznej struktury kabli podmorskich. W artykule szczegółowo przeanalizowano incydent oraz metody i środki, które mogły zostać użyte do przeprowadzenia takiej operacji. Oceniono ekonomiczne i polityczne konsekwencje powtarzających się i poważniejszych uszkodzeń kabli podmorskich. Problem opisany w artykule jest ważny, aby zapobiec wysoce prawdopodobnemu sabotażowi sieci kabli światłowodowych podmorskich i lepiej zrozumieć konsekwencje.
EN
The paper examines the possible intentional damage of 3 submarine cables in the Red Sea by the Yemeni Houthis. It considers the history of Yemen's civil war, political and rebel views, potential allies of the Houthis, military arsenal, and motives. This topic is more relevant than ever for several reasons. Firstly, the security of undersea telecommunications infrastructure is critical to ensuring uninterrupted global Internet traffic and data exchange. Secondly, the active escalation of the Israeli-Arab conflict and the Houthi attacks on shipping in the Red Sea make serious risks and possible incidents that can lead not only to significant economic losses but also to geopolitical instability. For a detailed analysis, research studies and articles related to the Yemeni civil war, Iran's involvement and support, and the provision of the necessary military resources for attacks on land and sea, as well as the physical structure of the submarine cables were examined. The paper analyzes in detail the incident, and the methods and means that could have been used to carry out such an operation. The economic and political consequences of repeated and more serious damage to submarine cables are assessed. The problem described in the paper is important to prevent the highly probable sabotage of the submarine fiber optic cable network and to better understand the consequences.

Year

Issue

50

Pages

51-67

Physical description

Dates

published
2024

Contributors

  • National Radioelectronics Univ. of Kharkiv

References

  • Bryjka, F., 2016. Saudyjsko-irańska wojna zastępcza w Jemenie, [w]: M. Bodziany (red.), Społeczeństwo a wojna. Oblicza bezpieczeństwa w XX i XXI wieku, WSO WL, Wrocław.
  • Bueger, C., Liebetrau, T., Franken, J., 2022. Security threats to undersea communications cables and infrastructure - consequences for the EU, European Parliament, Brussels.
  • Carter, L. et. al., 2009. Submarine Cables and the Oceans - Connecting the World. UNEP-WCMC Biodiversity Series No. 31. ICPC/UNEP/UNEPWCMC.
  • Drew, S., 2009. Submarine cables and the oceans: connecting the world, UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre, Cambridge.
  • Ganz, A., et. al., 2024. Submarine Cables and the Risks to Digital Sovereignty, Minds and Machines, 31 (3), s. 1-23.
  • Griffiths, J., 2019. The Global Internet Is Powered by Vast Undersea Cables. But They're Vulnerable, CNN. Available online: https://perma.cc/3VJM-LQQD (accessed 15 Apr. 2024)
  • Gugnin, A., Delong, M., Lisnevskaya, Y., 2021. The problem of political leadership on the example of Yemen, Przegląd Geopolityczny, 36, s. 98-109.
  • Haghshenass, F., 2008. Iran's Asymmetric Naval Warfare, Policy Focus, 87, pp. 13-16.
  • Heintschel von Heinegg W., 2013. Protecting Critical Submarine Cyber Infrastructure: Legal Status and Protection of Submarine Communications Cables under International Law, in Peacetime Regime for State Activities in Cyberspace, NATO CCD COE Publication.
  • Iran Military Power: Ensuring Regime Survival and Securing Regional Dominance, 2019. DIA Report, pp. 48-76.
  • Karmon, E., 2017. Yemen's Houthis: New Members of Iran's AntiIsraeli/Anti-American Axis, ResearchGate. Available online: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317345242_(accessed 15 Apr. 2024).
  • Kaussler, B., Grant, K.A., 2022. Proxy War in Yemen. Routledge Focus, New York.
  • Khazan, O., 2013. The Creepy, Long-Standing Practice of Undersea Cable Tapping, The Atlantic. July 16. Available online: https://perma.cc/W8GY-F5R2 (accessed 15 Apr. 2024).
  • Knights, M., 2023. An Heir and a Spare? How Yemen's “Southern Hezbollah” Could Change Iran's Deterrent Calculus, The Washington Institute For Near East Policy Notes, 142, pp. 9-13.
  • Koka, A., 2022. The Gulf Submarine Network amid Sabotage and Mine Warfare Threats, The Euro-Gulf Information Centre (EGIC).
  • Kuoman, A., 2024. Red Sea on edge: Houthi attacks disrupt vital shipping routes, University of Navarra.
  • Martinage, R., 2015. Under the Sea: The Vulnerability of the Commons, Foreign Policy, 94, 1, pp.117-126.
  • Mauldin, A., 2023. Do Submarine Cables Account For Over 99% of Intercontinental Data Traffic? TeleGeography. Available online: https://blog.telegeography.com/2023-mythbusting-part-3 (accessed 15 Apr. 2024).
  • Mauldin, A., 2024. The Red Sea: A Key Subsea Cable Crossroads Under Siege, TeleGeography. Available online: https://blog.telegeography.com/the-red-sea-a-key-subsea-cablecrossroads-under-siege (accessed 15 Apr. 2024).
  • Mills, C., 2022. Geopolitical implications of Nord Stream 2, House of Commons Library, London.
  • Newman, L.H., 2020. Cut Undersea Cable Plunges Yemen Into Days-Long Internet Outage, Wired. Available online: https://perma.cc/C4AFCLBG; (accessed 15 Apr. 2024).
  • Pérez, R.G., 2023. Submarine Cables Across The Atlantic: Geopolitics and Security of a Critical Infrastructure, Atlantic Center Report, 3, pp. 57-82.
  • Robinson, K., 2024. Iran's Support of the Houthis: What to Know, Council on Foreign Relations. Available online: https://www.cfr.org/inbrief/(accessed 15 Apr. 2024).
  • Saif, M., 2023. Shades of grey: The evolving links CRU Policy Brief between the Houthi and Iran, Netherlands Institute of International Relations.
  • Sechrist, M., 2012. New Threats, Old Technology: Vulnerabilities in Undersea Communications Cable Network Management Systems. Discussion Paper, Science, Technology, and Public Policy Program, Belfer Center.
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Document Type

Publication order reference

Identifiers

Biblioteka Nauki
59407670

YADDA identifier

bwmeta1.element.ojs-issn-2080-8836-year-2024-issue-50-article-cee781c2-553c-3165-8ce8-e44c6ffd258a
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