Badania materiałoznawcze kamiennych tworzyw architektonicznych

• Authors: Skibiński Sławomir

Title variants

EN

STUDIES ON THE MATERIALS FOUND IN STONE ARCHITECTONIC STRUCTURES

• Languages of publication: PL EN

Abstracts

EN

A fast development of the methods of conservation of stone historic objects is based, on the one hand, on an ever richer practical experience, and on the other, on the studies of the material. It would be a truism today to say that the material of a historic monument is a carrier of in fo rmation on the epoch in which it was created, on factors that decided of its present appearance or of its co n d ition. Thus, an analytical procedure applied when examining a rchitectonic materials will always be a process of processing the information flowing in form of signals which describe a place of materal’s origin and its quantitative and q u a litative condition. Those signals are carriers of the information which only after a definite analytical course may p ro vide discernible results of the studies that can be used in practice. This course will always depend on the aim of undertaken studies on materials. The seventies mark the beginning of an ever wider use — with a varying success — in studies on architectonic materials o f a number of analytical methods, often very spec ia lis ts ones th a t require sophisticated equipment. We can notice a departure from the use of analytical methods in which a given component is determined by dissolving the sample, i.e. a departure from the so-called wet a nalyses. Techniques are looked for which would not impair stones during th e ir analysis. The following basic trends can be seen at present in studies on the materials found in stone historic objects: - — id e n tifica tion of the kind of the material of the object as well as an evaluation of its physical and mechanical properties, — relative dating by means of instrumental techniques, — studies on the technology of old materials, — evaluation of the condition of the obje c t before and afte r conservation, — id e n tifica tion and evaluation of the behaviour of the agents used in conservation treatment. The presented trends of studies reveal diffe re n t a n a ly tical aporoaches depending on the problem set and on the kind o f the material examined. With reqard to their origin stone architectonic materials can be divided into two groups, mainly to natural and a rtific ia l stone materials. The first grouo covers the materials obtained as a result of th e ir excavation from deposits and la te r subjected to mechanical treatment. In the course of these activities th e ir internal structure does not qet chanaed and a ll observed physical and chemical processes are caused by the effect of the environment in which a given obie c t is functioning. The second group includes materials obtoined through various technological orocesses. during which th e ir internal structure aets transformed. Moreover, iust like materials o f natural origin the materials covered bv the second group should also be affected by destruc- K'.'e effects of the environment. Roth the structure and prooerties of a given material d e pend on two factors. The first of them is the presence of abases that ao to make the materials (morpholoayl and th e ir distribution (topography); the second one is the structure. This is homogenous and uniform part of particles in the material with definite physical properties, isolated from the remaining part of the material by adequate border surfaces. A chemical composition of the materials may be the same, but it may d iffe r with a phase composition, and thus fundamentally with physical properties. A given phase is always formed in closely determined, as a rule well-known, physical and chemical conditions. Because of that, id e n tifica tio n of individual phases provides us with various important information on the origin, genesis and quantity of the material studies, on technological processes to which the material was subjected, and finally on factors which cause their destruction. The following methods are included by the author into methods of examining a phase composition: a d iffe re n tia l analysis (TAR), X-ray diffraction and infra-red spectrophotometry. The author discusses also advantages and d isa d vantages of these methods. Another feature characteristic of the material is its structure. The notion of stricture is described by the author in the following way: structure of the material is a description of с rysta 11 in ity, shape, size, distribution of individual components of the material (phases). The development of research techniques made it possible to examine an ever smaller structural elements, which resulted in dividing the structure depending on the mode of observation into three notions: macrostructure (observations mere with eyes), mezostructure (observation by means of optical microscopy) and microstructure (observation by means of an electrone microscope) or using d iffraction of X-rays. Because of the degree of crystallization, and thus of its organization, the structure of materials can be divided into amorphic (with structural elements disorganized), nematic, smectic and crystallic (the highest degree of the organization of structural elements). For the examination of the structure the author recommends classical microscopy, scanning, microscopy enriched with X- ray micro-probe, X-ray diffra c tio n and spectrometry in in fra- red radiation. The knowledge of a phase composition and of the structure of a given material enables us in some way to reconstruct its "his tory ” . Summinq up the above considerations the a uthor says th a t without a good knowledge of the a p p lica tio n of in d iv idual methods a practical use of the results of the studies made is markedly limited. This new approach of the a n a lyst to the examination of historic stone objects has been ihustrated by the author with examples. The studies made covered a Renaissance stone from the Arthus’ Court in Gdańsk (16th cen.), ceramic material of the Fort of Donjon (18th cent.) in Srebrna Gora and Hauptman’s tombstone from Szklarska Poręba (20th cent.). The following methods were used in the studies: X-ray d iffra c tion, infra-red spectophotometry, a thermical diffe re n tia l analysis, microscopy, X-ray micro-probe and, on some occasions, as a complementary technique — op tic microscopy in the polarized lig h t as well as spectral spectrography.

Keywords

badania materiałoznawcze kamiennych tworzyw architektonicznych; materiałoznawstwo kamiennych obiektów zabytkowych; kamienne tworzywa architektoniczne; badania termiczne minerałów; badania zapraw wapiennych i gipsowych; struktury tworzyw architektonicznych; badania ceramicznych kafli z pieca z Dworu Artusa; badania ceramiki budowlanej fortu w Srebrnej Górze; fortu „Donjon”; badania ceramiki nagrobka Carla Hauptmanna ze Szklarskiej Poręby

• Publisher: Narodowy Instytut Dziedzictwa
• Journal: Ochrona Zabytków
• Year: 1988
• Issue: 2
• Pages: 94-109

Dates

published

1988

Contributors

author

Skibiński Sławomir

• dr, Instytut Zabytkoznawstwa i Konserwatorstwa UMK

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Identifiers

ISSN

0029-8247