Nowe wyniki pomiaru wieku dla materiałów kultury badeńskiej w późnym neolicie Małopolski

• Authors: Albert Zastawny

Title variants

EN

New results of age measurement for materials of the Baden culture in the Late Neolithic in Lesser Poland

• Languages of publication: PL EN

Abstracts

EN

The complicated cultural situation characterizing the period of settlement and influences of the Baden circle in central Europe results from multiple reasons. Lesser Poland is one of these regions where this complexity is particularly noticeable and reveals one of crucial indicants of the Baden complex in Europe, i.e. the advanced regionalism of processes of the Badenization. The absolute chronology of the Baden culture in Lesser Poland has not been the subject of any detailed research up to now. Chronological studies into other Late Neolithic cultures, observed in Poland in recent years, mostly into the Corded Ware culture and Funnel Beaker culture, proved how important and standard research instrument the radiocarbon dating is. Against this background, a tremendous deficit in sources of such a type for the Baden culture in Lesser Poland became more noticeable (state for 2011: 12 radiocarbon dates deriving from barely four sites). There was a great need for planned radiocarbon analyses which results could compensate deficiencies in source data and give new possibilities of comparative research in the area of Poland and outside its borders. The accomplishment of this aim was undertaken within a separate research project financed by the National Science Centre Poland (number of project N N109 181940). 20 samples selected from 12 sites of the Baden culture were subjected to analyses of age measurement in the Poznan Radiocarbon Laboratory. Positive results of these analyses were obtained in case of 14 samples: 12 from Lesser Poland and 2 from Slovakia . This series of new markings doubled the number of radiocarbon dates for the settlement of the Baden culture in Lesser Poland. In combination with radiocarbon markings published up to then, it gave a great opportunity to determine chronological frameworks of the Baden culture settlement in the area of Lesser Poland and – in a consequence – to specify the schema of its periodization and development. Altogether with measurements published until then, we have currently 22 radiocarbon dates. They enable verification and confirmation of former assumptions, mainly with reference to conceptions on a short period of existence of the discussed culture in the upper Vistula river basin. Chronological compactness of the Baden culture goes hand in hand with its territorial compactness and uncomplicated development, despite noticeable stylistic diversification of materials and taxonomic differences (existence of two territorial groups: Zesławice-Pleszów and Mogiła). All mentioned characteristics may weigh in favour for the Baden culture appearance in Lesser Poland as a result of an influx of population from the Danube river basin. Analysing data on absolute chronology of the Baden culture in Lesser Poland results we can draw the following conclusions: 1. The current source basis for the research on absolute chronology of the Baden Culture in Lesser Poland is composed of 22 radiocarbon dates for 12 sites (21 settlement pits and 1 grave). 2. Radiocarbon dates indicate a relatively short period of existence of the Baden Culture settlement in Lesser Poland (150-250 years), i.e. 4445-4300 BP (3124-2870 BC OxCal. 68,2%, taking into account the highest probability of dating). 3. 5 earliest radiocarbon dates from period 4445-4420 BP deriving from 3 settlements (Kraków Pleszów 17, Kraków Mogiła 55, Kraków Zesławice 21) indicate the oldest stage of the Baden culture settlement in the upper Vistula river basin and territorial centre of its development. 4. Such dating confirms the hypothesis on temporal convergence of materials of the Baden culture (Zastawny 1999, 15-17; 2000, 34-41) that were formerly counted among two different chronologic phases - so-called: medium and late (according to a schema worked out in 1980’). 5. The plausibility of correctness of these dates is enhanced by achieving similar results for: – samples dated in different laboratories: Groningen, Utrecht and Poznań, – samples selected out of various categories of materials such as: animal bones, human bones and burnt wood, – samples collected during excavations of various types conducted between years 1926 (Modlnica, site 1) and 2007 (Kraków Bieżanów, site 8), – samples deriving from sites representing all types of settlement of the Baden culture in Lesser Poland. 6. The chronological compactness of the Baden settlement corresponds to its territorial compactness what argues for a theory that the Baden culture came into existence in Lesser Poland not as the result of some local genesis but in consequence of migrations of population from behind the Carpathian mountains. 7. Achieved results of the radiocarbon dating emphasize more the existence of two currents of influences of the Baden Complex in Lesser Poland – i.e.: cultural influences (Boleráz, Bošáca) and the proper settlement (the Baden culture in its classic period). Furthermore, several new radiocarbon measurements obtained due to the National Science Centre in Poland are noteworthy: 1. The first in Lesser Poland date for a burial of the Baden culture – from site 21 in Kraków Zesławice /grave 217/: 4310±40 BP (Plate 8), 2. The first age measurements for settlements from the area of Kraków Jura and its direct vicinity (site 1 in Modlnica, site II in Kraków Witkowice) forming flint raw material base for population of the Baden culture in Lesser Poland (4415±35 BP; 4405±35 BP; 4330±35 BP), 3. The first dates for sites located in saliferous areas of the Wieliczka Foothills – site 2 in Gdów (4340±35 BP) and site 8 in Kraków Bieżanów (4390±35 BP), 4. Age measurement for two sites from the settlement in Kraków Mogiła 55 (4435±35, 4430±35 BP) – an eponymous site for the Mogiła group of the Baden culture; until now this site has not been dated with use of radiocarbon method, 5. Two dates received for comparative purposes from a fortified settlement at site Prešov-Solivar in eastern Slovakia. Both dates (4550±35, 4410±35 BP) are the first radiocarbon measurements for the Baden culture in this region and indicate earlier chronology of a cluster of the Baden culture in eastern Slovakia. It matches conjectures about a leading role of Slovakian part of the Tisza river basin in genesis of the Baden culture in the upper Vistula river basin based formerly only on similarities within ceramic assemblages.

Keywords

EN

Late Neolithic/Eneolithic; Baden culture; Lesser Poland; Absolute chronology

• Publisher: Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology, Polish Academy of Sciences
• Journal: Przegląd Archeologiczny
• Year: 2015
• Volume: 63
• Pages: 87-123

Dates

published

2015

Contributors

author

Albert Zastawny

• Muzeum Archeologiczne w Krakowie

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Identifiers

ISSN

0079-7138