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In 2021-2022, the Museum of the First Piasts at Lednica once more undertook archaeological research on Ledniczka, the second largest island on Lake Lednica, just 200 m west of Ostrów Lednicki. In the field, the relics of a conical castle are perfectly legible, which, together with the surrounding moat and an arched hump, occupy the larger, southern part of the island. Its northern part, relatively flat and narrowing towards the north, is located at about 110 m above sea level. The first works were conducted here in 1966 and in 1989-1990, when it was demonstrated that the construction of the fortress was based on a natural elevation in the southern part of the island, from which a roughly quadrangular mound was formed by the excavation and overheaping of soil. On its apex, relics of three buildings were identified. The functioning of the complex was dated from the turn of the 14th/15th century to the 15th century [Górecki, Łastowiecki, Wrzesiński 1996]. In 2020-2021 at the bottom of the lake, between Ledniczka and its western shore, relics of two bridge crossings were found: an older one, dated to the 2nd decade of the 10th century, and a younger one, dated to the turn of the 13th and 14th centuries [Pydyn, Popek, Dębicka; Radka 2018; Pydyn, Hac, Popek 2019]. During the last excavation seasons, the north-western dyke of the island was recognized to the greatest extent in a 16 m long section (trenches 1/2021, 2/2021 and 1/2022; Fig. 2). A similar stratigraphic pattern was observed in all probes, with layers of organic remains and water-borne sand alternating above the undisturbed soil (pl.“calec”), with thicknesses ranging from 0.7 to 1.2 m (Fig. 3.1). In all the probes, the lowest stratified position was occupied by moraine sett. Above this lay a layer of detritus in which rubble of wooden elements, originating from unspecified structures functioning on the shore or from bridges, was preserved. These included beams of various sizes, rods, but also fragments of planks, variously shaped blocks, a yoke beam and a bridge pillar (Fig. 3.2, 4, 5). Amongst the debris were large stones forming arrangements which were perpendicular or parallel to the shoreline. Unfortunately, the remains of the bridge abutments could not be captured, although the arrangement of wooden detritus and stones makes it possible to guess their presence to the north of the identified space. From the pits located at the shore of the lake comes a not very numerous collection of vessel fragments counting 241 pieces, 43 animal bones, relics made of metal (lead: a sleeve and an unspecified object (?); brass: a ferrule; iron: a scraper, an awl (?), an axe with a preserved handle), wood (a torch, a peg with a cut cross and a bark float), stone (a slick stone, a quern and a net sinker), bone (including a gaming dice with a metal injection) and leather (Figs. 9-11). The total came from two phases when the island was exploited, between the 9th and 10th centuries and in the 13th century. Materials younger than the early medieval period were recorded only in the secondary deposit, within the upper layers. Modest results were produced by work in the 3/2021 sondage located in the northern part of the island. Below the humus, moraine cobbles and a single, presumably contemporary, object were recorded. Single fragments of pottery indicate that this part of the island was outside the zone of exploitation. The works conducted in the trench (2/2022), located on the northern slope of the ‘rampart’ surrounding the cone bank, allowed the reconstruction of both the original landform and the way in which the bank was formed during the construction phase of the stronghold. The northern edge of the hill, which took the shape of an arched hump aft er the moat was drained, was raised by about 0.6 m (originally the thickness could reach about 1 m), although, as the analysis of the hypsometric map shows – not along its entire length. Below the sandy loam bank, a layer of brown humus was exposed, marking the level of the original humus, in which a darker layer containing burnt material was locally visible. Within this layer lay numerous small stones and lumps of limestone, which formed an irregular cobble. The relic material was entirely derived from primary humus. It consists of: 140 vessel fragments, 54 animal bone fragments and 4 metal objects (2 knives, a fl int and a bronze knife sheath ferrule; Fig. 15.10-12). As in the case of the sondages located by the shore, it was not possible to separate the layers containing younger and older ceramics – all in all we are dealing with artefacts that entered the context inadvertently, when the island was exploited, mainly in the periods between the 9th and 10th and 13th to the early 14th centuries. Remains of intensive use of Ledniczka date to the 9th century and the 1st half of the 10th century. Th e mobile material accumulated in the sediments of the shoreline and primary humus in the southern part of the island, but also the remains of a bridge discovered between the island and the western shore of the lake can be connected with this period. We associate 176 fragments of entirely hand-built vessels, almost exclusively rimmed in the upper part, with the older phase. Only 2.27% of the total assemblage consists of fragments of entirely hand-turned vessels. Pots with little tectonic variation predominate here, with less frequent occurrence of more strongly profiled forms, with globular or almost biconical belly. Decoration is present in only 4.4% of the pieces. Extremely interesting information was provided by the results of the chemical analyses of soil. In the samples taken in the excavation located on the embankment, where 2/3 of the ceramics were materials from an older phase, it was found that the phosphorus content of the original humus exceeded the values recorded for the geochemical background by 3.5-4 times, for the embankment layers by 4.5-5.5 times, and for the modern humus by 2.5-3 times. Such a strong saturation of the soil with phosphorus could only have occurred as a result of the intensive use of the terrain, although we are unable to determine its nature due to the massive destruction conducted during the construction phase of the conical gord. A unique context for the discoveries made in the hinterland of the island is provided by the detritus of a bridge erected in the 2nd decade of the 10th century, among which two extremely rare finds were discovered: a sword belonging to the older variant of type X according to J. Petersen [1919: 158-167] and a Lunow-type ice axe according to P. Paulsen [1939: 135-138], [see Kucypera, Pydyn, Popek 2021: 100]. Taking into account the features of the pottery discovered on Ledniczka, as well as the dates of the felling of the trees used to build the bridge, we can assume that the island was used in the older phase of the early Middle Ages between the middle of the 9th century (not excluding the older period) and the 1st quarter of the 10th century. The main activity at Ledniczka is associated with the establishment of a defensive knight’s seat. 2305 vessel fragments, which are divided into 4 technological groups, are associated with this phase. The first three: GT1, GT2 and GT3, comprise hand-built, fully turned wares, while the fourth – GT4, comprises steel-grey wares, which account for 4.4% of the collection. The division was made on the basis of differences relating to technological characteristics. The wares included in groups GT 1-3 strongly refer to early medieval pottery (hence they are often referred to as ‘traditional’ pottery), both in terms of technology, form and ornamentation. These are vessels which are hand-built from strips and heavily worked on the potter’s wheel. When assessing the pottery discovered at Ledniczka in general, the poor set of forms is mainly visible. Attention is drawn to small vessels with a diameter and height of no more than 10 cm, which transparently formed part of tableware (Figs. 8.4, 5, 27.1, 3). Single fragments of jugs were recorded, which took the form of large, thick-walled vessels (Figs. 24.2, 28.1-2, 5), or smaller ones, usually with a decoratively designed spout (Figs. 25.2, 4). A fragment of the pouring spout of a flask (?) vessel, 6 cm in diameter, is an exceptional find. What is missing here, however, are the various types of bowls, cups, goblets or lids so characteristic of the late Middle Ages. Equally modest is the decoration, limited almost exclusively to horizontal engraved lines, and in isolated cases the motif of toothed wheel imprints is present. In the case of traditional pottery, we are dealing in the vast majority of cases with the products of local workshops embedded in the early medieval tradition, both in terms of technology and the vessel forms used. The steel-grey ware (Fig. 30), which accounts for 4.4% of the collection from the younger phase, already comes from new workshops, probably emerging together with urban centres. The set of artefacts attributed to the younger phase of the early Middle Ages, whether ceramic or metal, is modest in comparison with other sites of a similar nature (there are few elements of armament and equestrian equipment, decorative objects are almost completely absent, and a set of vessels is rather poor). It seems that the owner of the defensive seat located on the island was a local knight, who erected it to emphasise his position and to secure his family and property in turbulent times. Taking into account the structure of the pottery – especially the low proportion of steel-grey vessels – and the dendrochronological data, we assume that the use of the island in its younger phase falls between the mid-13th and early-14th centuries. The clear traces of fire, recorded in the form of layers of burnt and burnt pugging, allow us to assume that the end of the stronghold’s functioning occurred in violent circumstances. This hypothesis can be confirmed by crossbow bolts discovered among the detritus of the bridge at the bottom of the lake.