Wpływ powstania strefy bezatomowej w Afryce na bezpieczeństwo kontynentu i na stan reżimu nieproliferacji broni jądrowej

• Authors: Bryła Jolanta

Title variants

EN

The impact of a nuclear-weapon-free-zone in Africa on the security of the continent and on the state of non-proliferations regime

• Languages of publication: PL

Abstracts

EN

The purpose of this article is to examine the impact of the creation of nuclear-weapon-free-zone in Africa on the security of this continent, and the state of nuclear non-proliferation regime. First we present the idea of nuclear-weapon-free-zone in general and characterize Pelindaba Treaty in comparison with other arrangements of this type. Next we investigate how South Africa’s nuclear program contributed to the delay in the Africa’s denuclearization and indicate this program as one of the major obstacles to the creation of nuclear-weapon-free zone in Africa. Next we briefly review the factors that led to initiate, implementation and eventually to dismantle South African nuclear program, taking into account political changes inside and outside South Africa after the end of Cold War, especially changes in its security environment. Final remarks concern virtual potential of the African bloc in international forums on disarmament.

Keywords

PL

Afryka; bezpieczeństwo; strefa bezatomowa; reżim nieproliferacji broni jądrowej

EN

Africa; security; nuclear-weapon-free-zone; non-proliferation regime

• Publisher: Instytut Nauk Politycznych, Uniwersytet Warmińsko-Mazurski w Olsztynie
• Journal: Forum Politologiczne
• Year: 2014
• Volume: 16 - Konteksty bezpieczeństwa w Afryce. Problemy globalne, sektorowe, regionalne, lokalne
• Pages: 37-76

Contributors

author

Bryła Jolanta

• Wydział Nauk Politycznych i Dziennikarstwa Uniwersytetu Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu

References

• Adenij A., The Treaty of Pelindaba- on the African Nuclear weapon-free-zone Treaty, United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research (UNIDIR),Geneva, 2002, http://www.unidir.org/files/publications/pdfs/the-treaty-ofpelindaba-on-the-african-nuclear-weapon-free-zone-297.pdf [05.03.2012].
• Albrecht A., Plan Rapackiego – dokumenty i opinie, Zachodnia Agencja Prasowa, Warszawa 1964.
• Albright D., South Africa and the Affordable Bomb, “The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists” 1994, Vol. 50, No. 4.
• Alves P. G., Cipollone D. B., Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zones in the 21st Century, United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research, New York – Geneva 1997.
• Barlett M., Ellington C., South Africa’s Nuclear Weapons Program: An Annotated Chronology, 1969–1994, Center for Nonproliferation Studies, Monterey Institute of International Studies, March 1999.
• Betts R. K., A Diplomatic Bomb for South Africa?, “International Security” 1979, Vol. 4, No. 2.
• Bryła J., Rozwój i znaczenie reżimów międzynarodowych na przykładzie reżimu nieproliferacji broni jądrowej, Wydawnictwo Naukowe Scholar, Warszawa 2006.
• Bunn G., The Legal Status of US Negative Security Assurances to Non-Nuclear Weapon States, “The Nonproliferation Review” 1997, Vol. 4, No. 3.
• Burgess S. F., Purkitt , H. E., The Rollback of the South African Chemical and Biological Warfare Program, U.S. Air Force Counterproliferation Center, Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama 2001.
• Cawthra G., Moeller B., Nuclear Africa: Weapons, power and proliferation, “African Security Review” 2008, Vol. 17, No. 4, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10246029.2008.9627502 [29.03.2012].
• Chad and Guinea-Bissau Ratify Treaty of Pelindaba, Institute for Security Studies, Africa’s Development and the Threat of Weapons of Mass Destruction, http://wmdafricafiles.blogspot.com/2012/01/chad-and-guineabissau-ratify-treaty-of.html [31.01.2012].
• Chubin S., Iran’s Strategic Environment and Nuclear Weapons, w: G. Kemp (ed.), Iran’s Nuclear Weapons Options: Issues and Analysis, Nixon Center, Washington 2001.
• Comprehensive Study of the Question of Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zones in All Its Aspects (Special Report of the Conference of the Committee on Disarmament), UN Doc. A/10027/Add. 1, New York 1976, Annex I, http://www.un.org/disarmament/HomePage/ODAPublications/DisarmamentStudy-Series/PDF/A-10027Add1.pdf [09.01.2013].
• Epstein W., Why States Go – And Don’t Go – Nuclear, “The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science” 1977, Vol. 430, No. 1.
• Flank S., Exploding the Black Box: The Historical Sociology of Nuclear Proliferation, “Security Studies” 1993–1994, Vol. 3, No. 2.
• Fuhrmann M., Li X., Legalizing Nuclear Abandonment: The Determinants of Nuclear Weapon Free Zone Treaty Ratification, Managing the Atom Working Paper Series, Harvard Kennedy School, Harvard University, March 2008.
• Goldblat J., Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zones: A History and Assessment, “The Nonproliferation Review” 1997, Vol. 4, No. 3.
• Hamel-Green M., Peeling the orange: regional paths to a nuclear-weapon-free world, Nuclear-weapon-free zones, “Disarmament Forum UNIDIR” 2011, Vol. 3.
• Ibikunle S., Breaking the Monopoly of Atomic Power, “Times International” (Lagos) 13 September 1976.
• Jinxian L., Principles for the Establishment of New Zones, “Disarmament: A Periodic Review of the United Nations” 1997, Vol. 20, No. 1.
• Jo, D.-J., Gartzke E., Determinants of nuclear weapons proliferation, “Journal of Conflict. Resolutions” 2007, Vol. 51, No. 1, http://jcr.sagepub.com/ cgi/content/abstract/51/1/167.
• Laursen H. W., An Introduction to the Issue of Nuclear Weapons in Africa, “Nuclear Weapons Project, Background Paper” May 2012, No. 1, http://nwp.ilpi.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/BP01-12_Africa.pdf [14.09.2012].
• Levite A. E., Never say never again: nuclear reversal revisited, “International Security” 2002, Vol. 27, No. 3.
• Liberman P., The Rise and Fall of the South African Bomb, “International Security” 2001, Vol. 26, No. 2.
• Liberman P., Israel and the South African Bomb, “The Nonproliferation Review” Summer 2004, http://www.qc.edu/political_science/profmat/Israel%20and%20the%20South%20African%20bomb.pdf [22.08.2012].
• List of countries which have signed, ratified/acceded to the Nuclear-weapon-free zone treaty (The Treaty of Pelindaba), African Union, last updated 26.09.2011, http://au.int/en/sites/default/files/Pelindaba_Treaty.pdf [02.11.2012].
• Łoś-Nowak T., Polskie inicjatywy w sprawie broni nuklearnej w Europie środkowej, 1957–1964, Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego, Wrocław 1989.
• Masiza Z., Landsberg C., Fission for Compliments? South Africa and the 1995 Extension of Nuclear Non-Proliferation, “Policy: Issues and Actors” 1996, Vol. 9, No. 3.
• Mazrui A., The United Nations and Some African Political Attitudes, “International Organizations” Summer 1964, Vol. 27.
• Mukai W., The importance of Nuclear Weapons Free Zones, “ISYP Journal on Science and World Affairs” 2005, Vol. 1, No. 2, http://www.scienceandworldaffairs.org/PDFs/Mukai_Vol1.pdf.
• Okeke V. O. S., Path to African security under the 21st century nuclear regime, “African Journal of Political Science and International Relations” January 2008, Vol. 2, No. 1, http://www.academicjournals.org/AJPSIR[27.06.2012].
• Pabian F. V., South Africa’s Nuclear Weapon Program: Lessons for U.S. Nonproliferation Policy, “The Nonproliferation Review” Fall 1995.
• Parrish S., Preez du J., Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zones: Still a Useful Disarmament and Nonproliferation Tool?, Weapons of Mass Destruction Commission, Stockholm 2006, http://www.blixassociates.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/No6.pdf [18.08.2012].
• Potter W. C., The Politics of Nuclear Renunciation: The Cases of Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Ukraine, “The Henry L. Stimson Center Occasional Paper” April 1995, No. 22, http://cns.miis.edu/reports/pdfs/1995_potter_politics_of_nuclear_renunciation.pdf [29.12.2013].
• Purkitt H. E., Burgess S. F., Liberman P., Correspondence: South Africa’s Nuclear Decisions, “International Security” 2002, Vol. 27, No. 1.
• Reddy K., The African Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone Treaty (Pelindaba Treaty) and the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, “Journal of South African Law” 1997, Vol. 2.
• Reiss M., Without the Bomb: The Politics of Nuclear Nonproliferation, Columbia University Press, New York 1988.
• Rezolucja Zgromadzenia Ogólnego ONZ, Resolution 2033 (XX) of 3 December1965, http://daccessddsny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/217/96/IMG/NR021796.pdf?OpenElement [15.02.2012].
• Rosen M. E., Nuclear Weapons Free Zones: Time for a Fresh Look, “Duke Journal of Comparative and International” 1997, Vol. 8, No. 1.
• Rossini M., Something Old, Something New: The 2006 Semipalatinsk Treaty on a Nuclear Weapon-Free Zone in Central Asia, “Chinese Journal of International Law” 2008, Vol. 7, No. 3.
• Sabena S. C., Disarmament: The African Perspective, http://www.idsa-india.org/an-oct8-3.html [26.04.2012].
• Sand P. H., African Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone in Force: What Next for Diego Garcia?, “The American Society of International Law” 2009, Vol. 13, http://www.asil.org/insights/volume/13/issue/12/african-nuclear-weaponfree-zone-force-what-next-diego-garcia [02.02.2013].
• Sagan S. D., Why Do States Build Nuclear Weapons? Three Models in Search of a Bomb, “International Security” Winter 1996-1997, Vol. 21, No. 3.
• Shelton G., South Africa’s nuclear weapons experience – an opportunity for leadership in advancing the global arms control agenda?, “Global Insight” September 2003, Issue No. 25, http://www.wits.ac.za/saha/nuclearhistory/conf/contrib.html [13.10.2012].
• Singh S., Way C., The Correlates of Nuclear Proliferation: A Quantitative Test, “Journal of Conflict Resolution” 2004, Vol. 48, No. 6.
• Sinhaseni N., Enkhsaikhan J., Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zones: Looking Ahead, Disarmament, “A Periodic Review by the United Nation” 1997, Vol. 20, No. 1.
• South Africa’s Nuclear Weapons Program, Federation of American Scientists, http://www.fas.org/nuke/guide/rsa/nuke/index.html [03.12.2012].
• Stober P., De Klerk’s three Nuclear Lies, “The Weekly Mail and Guardian” (Johannesburg) 11 February 1994.
• Stott N., The Treaty of Pelindaba – towards the full implementation of the African NWFZ Treaty, “Disarmament Forum” United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research, 2011, No. 2.
• Stumpf W., South Africa’s Nuclear Weapons Program: From Deterrence to Dismantlement, “Arms Control Today” 1995–1996, Vol. 25, No. 10.
• Sublette C., The Nuclear Weapons Archive, http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/Safrica/SABuildingBombs.html [18.11.2011].
• Tago A., The Origins of Nuclear Weapons Free Zones: Security Communities or Substitutes for a “Nuclear Umbrella”, http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/files/uploads/Tago_Nuclear_Weapons_Free_Zones.pdf.
• Tannenwald, The Nuclear Taboo: The United States and the Normative Basis of Nuclear Non-Use, “International Organization” 1999, Vol. 53, No. 3.
• The Aftermath of French Nuclear Testing in Algeria, http://www.earthisland. org/yggdrasil/algeria.pdf [28.11.2012].
• The United Nations and Nuclear Non-Proliferation, The United Nations Blue Books Series, Vol. 3, United Nations Publications, New York 1995.
• Tosaki H., Nuclear Weapons-Free-Zone and nuclear non-proliferation, w: International Politics in the Non-Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction, Yushindo-Kobunsha, Tokyo 2001.
• Treaty of Pelindaba, http://disarmament.un.org/treatystatus.nsf/44e6eeabc9436b78852568770078d9c0/2e6aeb0aa73f6613852568770079dda1?OpenDocument [11.09.2012].
• Tuya N., Mongolia’s Nuclear-Weapon-Free Status: Recognition vs institutionalization, CNAPS Visiting Fellow Working Paper, Mongolia, Spring 2012, The Brookings Institution Center for Northeast Asian Policy Studies, Washington, http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2012/8/nuclear%20weapon%20free%20mongolia%20tuya/08%20nuclear%20weapon%20free%20mongolia%20tuya.pdf [11.03.2013].
• United Nations General Assembly Resolution 1652 (XVI), Consideration of Africa as a denuclearized zone, 24.11.1961, [15.02.2012].
• Villiers de J. W., Jardine R., Reiss M., Why South Africa Gave Up the Bomb, “Foreign Affairs” 1993, Vol. 72, No. 5.
• Walters R. W., South Africa and the Bomb: Responsibility and Deterrence, Lexington Books, Lexington 1987.
• Wyk van J.-A., No nukes in Africa: South Africa, the denuclearisation of Africa and the Pelindaba Treaty, “Historia” November 2012, Vol. 57, No. 2.
• http://chinesejil.oxfordjournals.org/content/7/3/593.full.pdf+html [22.01.2012].
• http://www.nti.org/db/nisprofs/shared/canwfz/usstate.htm [11.01.2010].
• http://www.opanal.org/Docs/UN/UNAG30res3472i.pdf [14.03.2012].
• http://www.opanal.org/Docs/UN/UNAG53res77Di.pdf [04.06. 2012].
• http://www.opanal.org/NWFZ/CentralAsia/body_canwfz_en.htm [23.03.2012].
• http://www.un.org/disarmament/…/A-10027-Add1.pdf [22.01.2012].