Electromobility in Poland Compared to the European Union – Results of Preliminary Analysis

• Authors: Paulina Bełch , Elżbieta Szczygieł , Marzena Hajduk-Stelmachowicz

Title variants

PL

Elektromobilność w Polsce i Unii Europejskiej – wyniki wstępnej analizy porównawczej

Abstracts

PL

Artykuł ma na celu analizę trendów w rozwoju pojazdów elektrycznych (EV) w Polsce na tle Europy. Weryfikacja założonego celu wymagała zastosowania metod badawczych, tj. analizy literatury krajowej i zagranicznej, analizy danych statystycznych oraz wnioskowania statystycznego. Niniejszy artykuł rozpoczyna cykl publikacji poświęconych zrównoważonemu zarządzaniu transportem i elektromobilności w Polsce i wybranych krajach Europy. Liczba pojazdów elektrycznych (BEV i PHEV) wciąż rośnie w Europie, w tym w Polsce. W 2010 roku zarejestrowano tylko 591 pojazdów elektrycznych, co stanowiło zaledwie 0,005% ogólnej liczby samochodów zarejestrowanych w Europie. Po raz pierwszy udział EV przekroczył 1% w 2015 roku (130,9 tys. pojazdów elektrycznych), a w 2020 roku w Europie było już ponad 10% EV (w 2021 roku było to 17,8%). Największy udział EV w ogólnej liczbie samochodów odnotowano w 2021 roku w Norwegii (86%), na Islandii (64%) oraz w Szwecji (46%). Jednocześnie wśród krajów o największej liczbie EV są Niemcy (ponad 2,5 mln), Francja (1,7 mln) i Włochy (1,4 mln).

EN

The article analyses the trends in the growth of electric vehicles (EVs) in Poland compared to the EU. Verification of the assumed objective required the application of research methods such as analysis of domestic and foreign literature, analysis of statistical data, and statistical inference. This article commences a series of publications on sustainable transport management and electromobility in Poland and selected European countries. The number of electric vehicles (BEV and PHEV) is still increasing in Europe, including Poland. In 2010, there were 591 registered EVs only which was only 0.005% of the whole number of cars registered in Europe. For the first time, the share of EVs exceeded 1% in 2015 (130,900 electric vehicles), and in 2020 more than 10% of EVs were in Europe (in 2021, 17.8%). The largest share of EVs in the total number of cars was recorded in 2021 in Norway (86%), in Iceland (64%), and in Sweden (46%). At the same time, the countries with the highest number of EVs include Germany (more than 2.5 million), France (1.7 m.), and Italy (1.4 m.).

Keywords

PL

elektromobilność; Polska; Unia Europejska; transport; zarządzanie zrównoważonym transportem

EN

electromobility; Poland; EU; analysis; transport; sustainable transport management

• Publisher: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu
• Journal: Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu
• Year: 2024
• Volume: 68
• Issue: 1
• Pages: 1-13

Dates

published

2024

Contributors

author

Paulina Bełch

• Rzeszow University of Technology

author

Elżbieta Szczygieł

• University of the National Education Commission, Krakow

author

Marzena Hajduk-Stelmachowicz

• Rzeszow University of Technology

References

• Adnan, N., Md Nordin, S., Rahman, I., Vasant P., and Noor, M. A. (2016). An Integrative Approach to Study on Consumer Behavior Towards Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles. In R. Ianole (Ed.), Applied Behavioral Economics Research and Trends (pp. 183-213). IGI Global.
• Alanazi, F. (2023). Electric Vehicles: Benefits, Challenges, and Potential Solutions for Widespread Adaptation. Applied Sciences, 13(10), 6016. https://doi.org/10.3390/app13106016
• Altenburg, T., Corrocher, N., and Malerba, F. (2022). China’s Leapfrogging in Electromobility. A Story of Green Transformation Driving Catch-Up and Competitive Advantage. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, (183). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2022.121914
• Anastasiadou K., and Gavanas, N. (2022), State-of-the-Art Review of the Key Factors Affecting Electric Vehicle Adoption by Consumers. Energies, 15(24), 9409. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15249409
• Bełch, P., Bełch, P., and Bednarska, P. (2021). Mierniki w controllingu przedsiębiorstwa transportu samochodowego w dobie pandemii Covid-19. In P. Bełch, P. Bełch (Eds.), Transport w obliczu wyzwań XXI wieku – wybrane problemy. Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Rzeszowskiej.
• Bełch, P., and Rogaczewski, R. (2020). Management of an Energy Company Using the SENT Transport Registration and Monitoring System, Acta Universitatis Nicolai Copernici – Zarządzanie, 47(2). Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Mikołaja Kopernika w Toruniu.
• China Considers Extending Its EV Subsidies to 2023. (n.d.). Retrieved November 23, 2023 from https://www.china-briefing.com/news/china-considers-extending-its-ev-subsidies-to-2023/
• Chinoracký, R., Stalmašeková, N., and Corejova, T. (2022). Trends in the Field of Electromobility–From the Perspective of Market Characteristics and Value-Added Services: Literature Review. Energies, 15(17):6144. https://doi.org/10.3390/ en15176144
• Curiel-Ramirez, L. A., Bautista-Montesano, R., Galluzzi, R., Izquierdo-Reyes, J., Ramírez-Mendoza, R.A., and Bustamante-Bello, R. (2022). Smart Automotive E-Mobility – A Proposal for a New Curricula for Engineering Education. Education Sciences, 12(5).
• De Moraes, D. R., Soares, L. O., De Almeida Guimarães, V., De Oliveira, K. F., Hernández-Callejo, L., Vieira, G. M. R., and Boloy, R. A. M. (2022). Energy-ecological Efficiency of the Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle Powered by Different Biofuels. Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy, 24(5), 1389-1402.
• Deqiang, S., Zhijun, Ch., Hajduk-Stelmachowicz, M., Larik, A. R., and Rafique, M. Z. (2021). The Role of the Global Value Chain in Improving Trade and the Sustainable Competitive Advantage: Evidence From China’s Manufacturing Industry. Frontiers in Environmental Science, (9).
• Dobrzański, P., Śmieszek, M., and Dobrzańska, M. (2020). Bicycle Transport Within Selected Polish and European Union Cities. Humanities and Social Sciences, 27(2), https://doi.org/10.7862/rz.2020.hss.16
• European Environment Agency [EEA]. (2023). Database: CO2 Emissions from New Passenger Cars. Retrieved November 4, 2023 from http://co2cars.apps.eea.europa.eu/
• Egbue, O., Long, S., and Samaranayake, V. A. (2017). Mass Deployment of Sustainable Transportation: Evaluation of Factors That Influence Electric Vehicle Adoption. Clean Technol. Environ. Policy 2017, (19), 1927–1939. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10098-017-1375-4
• EUROSTAT. (2023). https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser
• Fatima, S., Mishra, S. K., Ahlawat, A., and Dimri, A. P. (2022). Physico-Chemical Properties and Deposition Potential of PM2.5 during Severe Smog Event in Delhi, India. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19(15387). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192215387
• Flocea, R., Hîncu, A., Robu, A., Senocico, S., Traciu, A., Remus, B., Răboacă, M., and Filote, C. (2022). Electric Vehicle Smart Charging Reservation Algorithm. Sensors, 22(8), 2834. https://doi.org/10.3390/s22082834
• Guo, L, Han, X., and Li, Y. (2023). The Smog That Hovers: Air Pollution and Asset Prices, Finance Research Letters, 103633, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.frl.2023.103633
• Haidar, B., and Aguilar Rojas, M. T. (2022). The Relationship between Public Charging Infrastructure Deployment and Other Socio-Economic Factors and Electric Vehicle Adoption in France. Research in Transportation Economics, 95(101208).
• Hajduk-Stelmachowicz, M. (2018). Audyt energetyczny przedsiębiorstw jako wyzwanie w kontekście poprawy efektywności energetycznej. Zeszyty Naukowe Instytutu Gospodarki Surowcami Mineralnymi i Energią Polskiej Akademii Nauk, (104), 43-54. https://orcid.org/10.24425/124367
• Hajduk-Stelmachowicz, M., and Makowiecki, S. (2021). Wpływ pandemii Covid-19 na proces przeprowadzania kursów prawa jazdy. In: P. Bełch (Ed.), Logistyka i transport – wybrane zagadnienia w świetle badań naukowych i praktyki gospodarczej. Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Rzeszowskiej.
• Hájnika, A., Harantováa, V., and Kalašováa, A. (2021). Use of Electromobility and Autonomous Vehicles at Airports in Europe and Worldwide. Transportation Research Procedia, (55), 71-78.
• Hecht, C., Figgener, J., and Sauer, D. U. (2022). Mobility Charts: Deutschlands Elektromobilität im Überblick. Retrieved August 29, 2022 from https://www.mobility-charts.de/
• Helmers, E., and Marx, P. (2012). Electric Cars: Technical Characteristics and Environmental Impacts. Environmental Sciences Europe. 24, 1-15.
• Higueras-Castillo, E., Guillén, A., Herrera, L.-J., and Liébana-Cabanillas, F. (2021). Adoption of Electric Vehicles: Which Factors Are Really Important? International Journal of Sustainable Transportation, 15(2), 799-813.
• Huber, S., Klauenberg, J., and Thaller, C. (2015). Consideration of Transport Logistics Hubs in Freight Transport Demand Models. European Transport Research Review, 7(32). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12544-015-0181-5
• Loschan, Ch., Schwabeneder, D., Lettner, G., and Auer, H. (2023). Flexibility Potential of Aggregated Electric Vehicle Fleets to Reduce Transmission Congestions and Redispatch Needs: A Case Study in Austria. International Journal of Electrical Power&Energy Systems. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2022.108802
• Melander, L., Nyquist-Magnusson, C., and Wallström, H. (2022). Drivers for and Barriers to Electric Freight Vehicle Adoption in Stockholm. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 108(103317). https://doi.org/10.1016/j. trd.2022.103317
• Mentel, U., and Hajduk-Stelmachowicz, M. (2020). Does Standardization Have an Impact on Innovation Activity in Different Countries? Problems and Perspectives in Management, 18(4), 486-503.
• Ministerstwo Energii Plan Rozwoju Elektromobilności w Polsce „Energia do przyszłości”. (n.d.). Retrieved January 31, 2023 from https://www.gov.pl/web/klimat/elektromobilnosc
• Moriarty, P., and Honnery, D. (2012). Energy Efficiency: Lessons from Transport. Energy Policy, (46). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2012.04.056
• PSPA. (2022). Polish Alternative Fuels Association, Database. Licznik Elektromobilności (The Electromobility Meter). Retrieved January 31, 2023 from https://pspa.com.pl/
• PZPM. (2022). Polish Association of Automotive Industry, Database. Licznik Elektromobilności (The Electromobility Meter). Retrieved January 31, 2023 from https://www.pzpm.org.pl/
• Raport Polish EV Outlook 2023 już dostępny! (n.d.). Retrieved April 5, 2023 from https://www.ccifp.pl/komunikacja/aktualnosci-ccifp/n/news/raport-polish-ev-outlook-2023-juz-dostepny.html
• Renault Group. (2020). Electric Mobility, Everything You Need to Know about Charging Electric Cars. Retrieved February 25, 2023 from https://www.renaultgroup.com/en/news-on-air/news/everything-you-need-to-know-about-chargingelectric-cars
• Rokicki, T., Bórawski, P., Bełdycka-Bórawska, A., Żak, A., and Koszela, G. (2022). Development of Electromobility in European Union Countries under COVID-19 Conditions. Energies, 15(1), 9. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15010009
• Rovňák, M., Kalistová, A., Štofejová, L., Benko, M. i Salabura, D. (2022). Management of Sustainable Mobility and the Perception of the Concept of Electric Vehicle Deployment. Polish Journal of Management Studies, 25(2).
• Ryan, A. (2021). Make Your Electric Vehicle Battery Last Longer. Retrieved February, 24 2023 from https://www.fleetnews. co.uk/electric-fleet/charging-and-infrastructure/make-your-electric-vehicle-battery-last-longer
• Šafrová, D., and Hejduková, P. (2021). Covid-19 Pandemic and the Sharing Economy. Humanities and Social Sciences, 28(3). https://doi.org/10.7862/rz.2021.hss.24
• Shepard, P. (2018). Quantifying the Negative Impact of Charging EVs in Cold Temperatures. Retrieved February 25, 2023 from https://eepower.com/news/quantifying-the-negative-impact-of-charging-evs-in-cold-temperatures
• Singh, V., Singh, V., Vaibhav, S. (2021). Analysis of Electric Vehicle Trends, Development and Policies in India. Case Studies on Transport Policy, (9), 1180-1197.
• Straka, M., Chovan, T., Bindzár, P., Žatkovič, E., Hricová, R. (2015). Possibilities and Limitations of Electromobiles Utilization. Applied Mechanics and Materials, (708), 159-164
• Trends in Electric Light-Duty Vehicles – Global EV Outlook 2022 – Analysis – IEA. (n.d.). Retrieved Novemeber 4, 2023 from https://www.iea.org/reports/global-ev-outlook-2022/trends-in-electric-light-duty-vehicles
• Tucki, K., Orynycz, O., and Dudziak, A. (2022). The Impact of the Available Infrastructure on the Electric Vehicle Market in Poland and in EU Countries. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19 (16783). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192416783
• United Nations. (n.d.). Climate Action, COP 27, Delivering for People and the Planet (The 27th Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, Paris Agreement, was held from 6 to 20 November 2022 in Sharm El-Sheikh, Egypt). Retrieved February 25, 2023 from https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/cop27
• Van Dender, K. (2009). Energy Policy in Transport and Transport Policy. Energy Policy, 37(10). 3854-3862. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2009.07.008
• Wiśniewski, J., and Witkowski, Ł. (2023). Year 2022 in Polish e-mobility. PSPA. Retrieved Novemeber 4, 2023 from https://pspa. com.pl/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/PSPA_Rok_2022_w_polskiej_elektromobilnosci_Raport-3.pdf
• World Economic Forum. (2021). Technical Transformation. 7 Reasons Why Global Transport Is So Hard to Decarbonize. Retrieved Novemeber 4, 2023 from https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2021/11/global-transport-carbon-emissions-decarbonise/
• Wu, H., Fareed, Z., Wolanin, E., Rozkrut, D., and Hajduk-Stelmachowicz, M. (2022). Role of Green Financing and Eco-Innovation for Energy Efficiency in Developed Countries: Contextual Evidence for Preand Post-COVID-19 Era. Frontiers in Energy Research, (10). https://orcid.org/10.3389/fenrg.2022.947901
• Xu, L., Yilmaz, H. Ü., Wang, Z., Poganietz, W. -R., Jochem, P. (2020). Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Electric Vehicles in Europe Considering Different Charging Strategies. Transport. Res. Part D: Transp. Environ, (87). https://doi.org/10.1016/j. trd.2020.102534
• Ziółko, M. (2021). Ekopatrole – elektryczne u hybrydowe radiowozy w Policji. In P. Bełch (Ed.), Logistyka – teoria i praktyka. Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Rzeszowskiej.

Identifiers

DOI

10.15611/pn.2024.1.01

Biblioteka Nauki

28766380