Full-text resources of CEJSH and other databases are now available in the new Library of Science.
Visit https://bibliotekanauki.pl

PL EN


2023 | 26 | 4 | 331-351

Article title

Ready or Not? Examining Acceptance and Fears of Robots in the Labor Market: A Survey of a Polish Sample

Content

Title variants

Languages of publication

Abstracts

EN
The purpose of the study is to assess attitudes toward robots among a Polish sample (N = 1044) using a series of questions focused on their perceptions within the labor market. Based on previous research, higher concerns toward and lower acceptance of robots were predicted for women, people performing manual and manual work, and people who are not familiar with robotics. The hypotheses were only partially confirmed. Orientation in the field of robotics is conducive to greater acceptance of the presence of robots in trust works professions. Unexpectedly, it turned out that people who declared performing physical work, compared to people performing other types of tasks, have a more affirmative attitude to the participation of robots in customer service occupations and to accept the autonomy of the robot to a higher degree. The results also showed that women are more concerned about the increased presence of robots in the labour market and less accepting of the replacement of humans by robots and the greater autonomy of intelligent machines. In addition, the analysis revealed that people with more knowledge in the field of robotics declare greater acceptance of the autonomous work of robots and in terms of replacing people with robots in the work environment, they also have fewer concerns about the market situation compared to those who do not consider themselves knowledgeable in this area.

Keywords

Year

Volume

26

Issue

4

Pages

331-351

Physical description

Dates

published
2023

Contributors

author
  • SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Warsaw
  • SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Wrocław
author
  • SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Warsaw

References

  • Andtfolk, M., Nyholm, L., Eide, H., Rauhala, A., & Fagerström, L. (2022). Attitudes toward the use of humanoid robots in healthcare-A cross-sectional study. AI & Society, 37(4), 1739–1748. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-021-01271-4
  • Asparouhov, T., & Muthén, B. (2009). Exploratory structural equation modeling. Structural Equation Modeling, 16, 397–438. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705510903008204
  • Belanche, D., Casaló, L. V., & Flavián, C. (2020). Customer’s acceptance of humanoid robots in services: The moderating role of risk aversion. Marketing and Smart Technologies. Smart Innovation, Systems and Technologies, 167, 449–458. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-1564-4_42
  • Carlsen, H., Johansson, L., Wikman-Svahn, P., & Dreborg, K. H. (2014). Co-evolutionary scenarios for creative prototyping of future robot systems for civil protection. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 84, 93–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2013.07.016
  • Carnevale, A. (2015). Robots, disability, and good human life. Disability Studies Quarterly, 35(1). https://doi.org/10.18061/dsq.v35i1.4604
  • Cave, S., Coughlan, K., & Dihal, K. (2019, January). “Scary robots”: examining public responses to AI. In Proceedings of the 2019 AAAI/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society (pp. 331–337). Association for Computing Machinery. https://doi.org/10.1145/3306618.3314232
  • Chen, F. F. (2007). Sensitivity of goodness of fit indexes to lack of measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling, 14(3), 464–504. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705510701301834
  • Dekker, F., Salomons, A., & Waal, J. V. D. (2017). Fear of robots at work: The role of economic self-interest. Socio-Economic Review, 15(3), 539–562. https://doi.org/10.1093/ser/mwx005
  • Forgas-Coll, S., Huertas-Garcia, R., Andriella, A., & Alenyà, G. (2021). How do consumers’ gender and rational thinking affect the acceptance of entertainment social robots? International Journal of Social Robotics, 14(4), 973–994. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-021-00845-y
  • Fortunati, L. (2017). Robotization and the domestic sphere. New Media & Society, 20(8), 2673–2690. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444817729366
  • Gherheș, V. (2018). Why are we afraid of artificial intelligence (AI)? European Review of Applied Sociology, 11, 6–15. https://doi.org/10.1515/eras-2018-0006
  • Giger, J. C., Moura, D., Almeida, N., & Piçarra, N. (2017). Attitudes towards social robots: The role of gender, belief in human nature uniqueness, religiousness and interest in science fiction. Proceedings of II International Congress on Interdisciplinarity in Social and Human Sciences, 11, 509.
  • Haring, K. S., Mougenot, C., Ono, F., & Watanabe, K. (2014). Cultural differences in perception and attitude towards robots. International Journal of Affective Engineering, 13(3), 149–157. https://doi.org/10.5057/ijae.13.149
  • Holley, P. (2019, November 26). Boston Dynamics’ ‘terrifying’ robotic dogs have been put to work by at least one police agency. The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/technol`ogy/2019/11/26/boston-dynamics-terrifying-robotic-dogs-have-been-put-work-by-least-one-police-agency
  • Horn, J. L. (1965). A rationale and test for the number of factors in factor analysis. Psychometrika, 30, 179–185. http://doi.org/10.1007/BF02289447
  • IFR presents World Robotics 2021 reports. IFR International Federation of Robotics, October 28, 2021. https://ifr.org/ifr-press-releases/news/robot-sales-rise-again
  • Ivanov, S., & Webster, C. (2019). What should robots do? A comparative analysis of industry professionals, educators and tourists. In Information and Communication Technologies in Tourism 2019 (pp. 249–262). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05940-8_20
  • Katz, J. E., & Halpern, D. (2014). Attitudes towards robots suitability for various jobs as affected robot appearance. Behaviour and Information Technology, 33(9), 941–953. https://doi.org/10.1080/0144929X.2013.783115
  • Kim, S. W., & Lee, Y. (2016). The effect of robot programming education on attitudes towards robots. Indian Journal of Science and Technology, 9(24), 1–11.
  • Kossewska, J., & Kłosowska, J. (2020). Acceptance of robot‐mediated teaching and therapy for children with atypical development by Polish professionals. Journal of Policy and Practice in Intellectual Disabilities, 17(1), 21–30. https://doi.org/10.1111/jppi.12296
  • Królikowska, S. (2011). Rola stereotypów płci w kształtowaniu postaw kobiet i mężczyzn wobec zdrowia [The role of gender stereotypes in forming men and women’s health attitudes]. Nowiny Lekarskie, 80(5), 387–393.
  • Kucuk, S., & Sisman, B. (2020). Students’ attitudes towards robotics and STEM: Differences based on gender and robotics experience. International Journal of Child-Computer Interaction, 23–24, Article 100167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcci.2020.100167
  • Küster, D., Swiderska, A., & Gunkel, D. (2021). I saw it on YouTube! How online videos shape perceptions of mind, morality, and fears about robots. New Media & Society, 23(11), 3312–3331. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444820954199
  • Lai, C. J., & Tang, H. K. (2019, August). Investigation of human-service robot division and interaction for catering services. Proceedings of the 2019 2nd International Conference on Robot Systems and Applications, 35–39. https://doi.org/10.1145/3378891.3378898
  • Lee, J., Lee, D., & Lee, J. G. (2022). Can robots help working parents with childcare? Optimizing childcare functions for different parenting characteristics. International Journal of Social Robotics, 14(1), 193–211. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-021-00784-8
  • Lemay, D. J., Basnet, R. B., & Doleck, T. (2020). Fearing the robot apocalypse: Correlates of AI anxiety. International Journal of Learning Analytics and Artificial Intelligence for Education (iJAI), 2(2), 24–33. https://doi.org/10.3991/ijai.v2i2.16759
  • Liang, Y., & Lee, S. A. (2017). Fear of autonomous robots and artificial intelligence: Evidence from national representative data with probability sampling. International Journal of Social Robotics, 9(3), 379–384. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-017-0401-3
  • Lin, C., Šabanović, S., Dombrowski, L., Miller, A. D., Brady, E., & MacDorman, K. F. (2021). Parental acceptance of children’s storytelling robots: A projection of the uncanny valley of AI. Frontiers in Robotics and AI, 8. https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2021.579993
  • Łupkowski, P., & Jański-Mały, F. (2020). The more you see me the more you like me: Influencing the negative attitudes towards interactions with robots. Journal of Automation, Mobile Robotics Intelligent Systems, 14(3), 10–17. https://doi.org/10.14313/JAMRIS/3-2020/27
  • Maj, K., & Zarzycki, P. (2019). Meeting with social robots like the cat-cucumber meeting? An integrated model of human-robot first contact. Psychological perspective. Paladyn, Journal of Behavioral Robotics, 10(1), 454–465. https://doi.org/10.1515/pjbr-2019-0026
  • Mammes, I. (2004). Promoting girls’ interest in technology through technology education: A research study. International Journal of Technology and Design Education, 14(2), 89–100.
  • Marsh, H. W., Morin, A. J. S., Parker, P. D., & Kaur, G. (2014). Exploratory structural equation modeling: An integration of the best features of exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 10, 85–110. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032813-153700
  • McClure, P. K. (2018). “You’re fired,” says the robot: The rise of automation in the workplace, technophobes, and fears of unemployment. Social Science Computer Review, 36(2), 139–156. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894439317698637
  • Meissner, A., Trübswetter, A., Conti-Kufner, A. S., & Schmidtler, J. (2020). Friend or foe? Understanding assembly workers’ acceptance of human-robot collaboration. ACM Transactions on Human-Robot Interaction (THRI), 10(1), 1–30. https://doi.org/10.1145/3399433
  • Meredith, W. (1993). Measurement invariance, factor analysis and factorial invariance. Psychometrika, 58, 525–543. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02294825
  • Morikawa, M. (2017, May). Who are afraid of losing their jobs to artificial intelligence and robots? Evidence from a survey. RIETI Discussion Paper, 71. Retrieved December 22, 2022, from https://www.rieti.go.jp/jp/publications/dp/17e069.pdf
  • Muthén, L., & Muthén, B. (2012). Mplus user’s guide (7th ed.). Muthén & Muthén.
  • Niemelä, M., & Melkas, H. (2019). Robots as social and physical assistants in elderly care. In M. Toivonen & E. Saari (Eds.), Human-Centered Digitization and Services (pp. 177–197). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-7725-9_10
  • Nomura, T. (2014). Influences of experiences of robots into negative attitudes toward robots. In The 23rd IEEE International Symposium on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (pp. 460–464). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/ROMAN.2014.6926295
  • Nomura, T., Kanda, T., Suzuki, T., & Yamada, S. (2020). Do people with social anxiety feel anxious about interacting with a robot? AI & Society, 35(2), 381–390. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-019-00889-9
  • Oh, C., Lee, T., Kim, Y., Park, S., Kwon, S., & Suh, B. (2017). Us vs. them: Understanding artificial intelligence technophobia over the Google DeepMind challenge match. Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 2523–2534. https://doi.org/10.1145/3025453.3025539
  • Papadakis, S., Vaiopoulou, J., Sifaki, E., Stamovlasis, D., & Kalogiannakis, M. (2021). Attitudes towards the use of educational robotics: Exploring pre-service and in-service early childhood teacher profiles. Education Sciences, 11(5), 204. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci11050204
  • Pham, Q. C., Madhavan, R., Righetti, L., Smart, & W., Chatila, R. (2018). The impact of robotics and automation on working conditions and employment [Ethical, Legal, and Societal Issues]. IEEE Robotics & Automation Magazine, 25(2), 126–128. https://doi.org/10.1109/MRA.2018.2822058
  • Piçarra, N. J. G. (2014). Predicting intention to work with social robots. [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Universidade do Algarve. Retrieved March 12, 2022, from https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/216328753.pdf
  • Piçarra, N., Giger, J. C., Pochwatko, G., & Gonçalves, G. (2016a). Making sense of social robots: A structural analysis of the layperson’s social representation of robots. European Review of Applied Psychology, 66(6), 277–289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erap.2016.07.001
  • Piçarra, N., Giger, J.C., Pochwatko, G., & Możaryn, J. (2016b). Designing social robots for interaction at work: Socio-cognitive factors underlying intention to work with social robots. Journal of Automation Mobile Robotics and Intelligent Systems, 10(4), 17–26. https://doi.org/10.14313/JAMRIS_4-2016/28
  • Pochwatko, G., Giger, J. Ch., Różańska-Walczuk, M., Świdrak, J., Kukiełka, K., Możaryn, J., & Piçarra, N. (2015). Polish version of the negative attitude toward robots scale (NARS-PL). Journal of Automation Mobile Robotics and Intelligent Systems, 9(3), 65–72. https://doi.org/10.14313/JAMRIS_3-2015/25
  • R Core Team (2022). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. https://www.R-project.org
  • Reich-Stiebert, N., & Eyssel, F. (2015). Learning with educational companion robots? Toward attitudes on education robots, predictors of attitudes, and application potentials for education robots. International Journal of Social Robotics, 7(5), 875–888. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-015-0308-9
  • Reich-Stiebert, N., Eyssel, F., & Hohnemann, C. (2019). Involve the user! Changing attitudes toward robots by user participation in a robot prototyping process. Computers in Human Behavior, 91, 290–296. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2018.09.041
  • Revelle, W. (2022). psych: Procedures for Psychological, Psychometric, and Personality Research. Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois. R package version 2.2.9. Retrieved December 22, 2022, from https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=psych
  • Robinson, H., Macdonald, B., & Broadbent, E. (2014). The role of healthcare robots for older people at home: A review. International Journal of Social Robotics, 6, 575–591. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0242-2
  • Sanders, T. L., MacArthur, K., Volante, W., Hancock, G., MacGillivray, T., Shugars, W., & Hancock, P. A. (2017). Trust and prior experience in human-robot interaction. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, 61, 1809–1813. https://doi.org/10.1177/1541931213601934
  • Schermelleh-Engel, K., Moosbrugger, H., & Müller, H. (2003). Evaluating the fit of structural equation models: Tests of significance and descriptive goodness-of-fit measures. Methods of Psychological Research Online, 8, 23–74.
  • Serholt, S., & Barendregt, W. (2014). Students’ attitudes towards the possible future of social robots in education. Workshop proceedings of RO-MAN.
  • Shell, D. A., & Matarić, M. J. (2005). Insights toward robot-assisted evacuation. Advanced Robotics, 19(8), 797–818. https://doi.org/10.1163/1568553055011483
  • Stafford, R. Q., Broadbent, E., Jayawardena, C., Unger, U., Kuo, I. H., Igic, A., Wong, R., Kerse, N., Watson, C., & MacDonald, B. A. (2010). Improved robot attitudes and emotions at a retirement home after meeting a robot. In 19th International Symposium in Robot and Human Interactive Communication (pp. 82–87). https://doi.org/10.1109/roman.2010.5598679
  • Suwada, K. (2021). Parenting and work in Poland. A gender studies perspective. Springer. https://doi.org/978-3-030-66303-2
  • Turja, T., Van Aerschot, L., Särkikoski, T., & Oksanen, A. (2018). Finnish healthcare professionals’ attitudes towards robots: Reflections on a population sample. Nursing Open, 5(3), 300–309. http://doi.org/10.1002/nop2.138
  • Turja, T. (2019). Accepting robots as assistants: A social, personal, and principled matter. [Doctoral dissertation, Tampere University]. Trepo. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://trepo.tuni.fi/handle/10024/118030
  • Vallès-Peris, N., Barat-Auleda, O., & Domènech, M. (2021). Robots in healthcare? What patients say. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(18), Article 9933. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189933
  • Vollmer, A. L. (2018). Fears of intelligent robots. In Companion of the 2018 ACM/IEEE International conference on human-robot interaction (pp. 273–274). Association for Computing Machinery. https://doi.org/10.1145/3173386.3177067
  • Voth, D. (2004). A new generation of military robots. IEEE Xplore. Retrieved May 20, 2022, from https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=1333028
  • Wasielewska, A., & Łupkowski, P. (2020). Know your three laws. Evaluation study of the cooperative board game THREE. Unpublished manuscript.
  • Watty, K., McKay, J., & Ngo, L. (2016). Innovators or inhibitors? Accounting faculty resistance to new educational technologies in higher education. Journal of Accounting Education, 36, 1–15.

Document Type

Publication order reference

Identifiers

Biblioteka Nauki
31343471

YADDA identifier

bwmeta1.element.ojs-doi-10_18290_rpsych2023_0019
JavaScript is turned off in your web browser. Turn it on to take full advantage of this site, then refresh the page.