Barriers to gaining support: a prospect of entrepreneurial activity of family and non-family firms in Poland

• Authors: Ada Domańska , Robert Zajkowski

Abstracts

EN

Research background: This paper explores the approach that focuses on entrepreneurial activities suppressed by restraining forces or different barriers. We investigated a particular type of obstacles reported by entrepreneurs, i.e., those which prevented their gaining access to support instruments. This paper delved into the specificity of family businesses and explained why perceptions of access to support could differ between family and non-family firms. Purpose of the article: This paper seeks to identify the differences between family and non-family businesses in terms of their perceptions of different barriers that hinder access to support instruments. Methods: The main research processes were based on logistic regression models with a dependent variable: 0 for a non-family firm and 1 for a family firm.  As dependent variables 13 barriers to the access of public support instruments were adopted. The study was conducted on a sample of 386 Polish business entities. Findings & value added: The results confirmed the existence of differences between family and non-family businesses in perceptions of barriers towards gaining support in entrepreneurial endeavours. Obstacles, such as overly-complex bureaucratic procedures and requirements, lack of access to information disseminated by business support institutions, and complicated support settlement procedures, were perceived as far less crucial by family businesses than non-family businesses. Family businesses demonstrated a lower propensity to use real property as collateral for transactions. Additionally, family businesses with financial resources that overlap with their own familial resources declared that they found it easier to make their own contributions to satisfy the requirements for support programmes or services. This paper makes several novel and significant contributions to the field. First, we add to existing research focusing exclusively on family entrepreneurial activity by drawing a comparison between family and non-family firms in terms of the perceived barriers towards gaining support. Second, we address different types of barriers. Our findings provide further evidence that different types of businesses perceive certain types of barriers differently. Third, we extend current knowledge on family businesses study in Poland.

Keywords

EN

family firms; support entrepreneurship; entrepreneurial activity

• Publisher: Instytut Badań Gospodarczych
• Journal: Equilibrium. Quarterly Journal of Economics and Economic Policy
• Year: 2022
• Volume: 17
• Issue: 1
• Pages: 191-224

Dates

published

2022

Contributors

author

Ada Domańska

• Maria Curie-Sklodowska University in Lublin

• https://orcid.org/0000000282394319

author

Robert Zajkowski

• Maria Curie-Sklodowska University in Lublin

• https://orcid.org/0000000200217977

References

• Acs, Z., & Armington, C. (2004). Employment growth and entrepreneurial activity in cities. Regional Studies, 38(8), 911?927. doi: 10.1080/0034340042000280 938.
• Aguiló, T. I. E., & Aguiló, N. F. E. (2012). Family business and firm performance: evidence from the Mexican stock exchange. International Journal of Management Practice, 5(4), 304?325. doi: 10.1504/IJMP.2012.050312.
• Akehurst, G., Simarro, E., & Mas?Tur, A. (2012). Women entrepreneurship in small service firms: motivations, barriers and performance. Service Industries Journal, 32(15), 2489?2505. doi: 10.1080/02642069.2012.677834.
• Ahlstrom, D., & Ding, Z. (2014). Entrepreneurship in China: an overview. International Small Business Journal, 32(6), 610?618. doi: 10.1177/0266242 613517913.
• Ahmad, N., & Seymour R. G. (2008). Defining entrepreneurial activity: definitions supporting frameworks for data collection. OECD Statistics Working Papers 2008/01. doi: 10.1787/243164686763.
• Akbar, F., Khan, R. A., Wadood, F., & Bin Bon, A. T. (2020). Entrepreneurial orientation dimension affects firm performance: a perspective from the Malaysian furniture industry. Entrepreneurial Business and Economics Review, 8(4), 157?181. doi: 10.15678/EBER.2020.080409.
• Aldrich, H. E., & Cliff, J. E. (2003). The pervasive effects of family on entrepreneurship: toward a family embeddedness perspective. Journal of Business Venturing, 18(5), 573?596. doi: 10.1016/S0883-9026(03)00011-9.
• Alvarez, S. A., & Barney, J. B. (2007). Discovery and creation: alternative theories of entrepreneurial action. Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, 11(1-2), 11?26. doi: 10.1002/sej.4.
• Allouche, J., Amann, B., Jaussaud, J., & Kurashina, T. (2008). The impact of family control on the performance and financial characteristics of family versus nonfamily businesses in Japan: a matched-pair investigation. Family Business Review, 21(4), 315?330. doi: 10.1177/08944865080210040104.
• Anderson, R. C., Mansi, S. A., & Reeb, D. M. (2003). Founding family ownership and the agency cost of debt. Journal of Financial Economics, 68(2), 263?285. doi: 10.1016/S0304-405X(03)00067-9.
• Anderson, R. C., & Reeb, D. M. (2003). Founding?family ownership and firm performance: evidence from the S&P 500. Journal of Finance, 58(3), 1301?1328. doi: 10.1111/1540-6261.00567.
• Andres, C. (2008). Large shareholders and firm performance?an empirical examination of founding-family ownership. Journal of Corporate Finance, 14(4), 431?445. doi: 10.1016/j.jcorpfin.2008.05.003.
• Basco, R., & Pérez Rodríguez, M. J. (2009). Studying the family enterprise holistically: evidence for integrated family and business systems. Family Business Review, 22(1), 82?95. doi: 10.1177/0894486508327824.
• Bazan, C., Datta, A., Gaultois, H., Shaikh, A., Gillespie, K., & Jones, J. (2019). Effect of the university in the entrepreneurial intention of female students. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Knowledge, 7(2), 73?97. doi: 10.1234 5-0012.
• Bennedsen, M., Pérez-González, F., & Wolfenzon, D. (2010). The governance of family firms. Corporate Governance: A Synthesis of Theory, Research and Practice, 8, 371?389. doi: 10.1002/9781118258439.ch19.
• Berger, A. N., & Udell, G. F. (1995). Relationship lending and lines of credit in small firm finance part of the finance and financial management commons. Journal of Business, 68(3), 351?381.
• Berrone, P., Cruz, C., & Gomez-Mejia, L. R. (2012). Socioemotional wealth in family firms: theoretical dimensions, assessment approaches, and agenda for future research. Family Business Review, 25(3), 258?279. doi: 10.1177/089448 6511435355.
• Bertrand, M., & Schoar, A. (2006). The role of family in family firms. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 20(2), 73?96. doi: 10.1257/jep.20.2.73.
• Blanco-Mazagatos, V., de Quevedo-Puente, E., & Castrillo, L. A. (2007). The trade-off between financial resources and agency costs in the family business: an exploratory study. Family Business Review, 20(3), 199?213. doi: 10.1111/j.1 741-6248.2007.00095.x.
• Břečková, P. (2016a). SMEs export activities in the Czech Republic and export risk insuring. European Research Studies Journal, 19(1), 84?92. doi: 10.35808 /ersj/508.
• Břečková, P. (2016b). Family business in the Czech Republic. European Research Studies Journal, 19(4), 3?16. doi: 10.35808/ersj/576.
• Bruton, G. D., Ahlstrom, D., & Li, H. L. (2010). Institutional theory and entrepreneurship: where are we now and where do we need to move in the future? Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 34(3), 421?440. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-6520.2010.00390.x.
• Cacciotti, G., Hayton, J. C., Mitchell, J. R., & Giazitzoglu, A. (2016). A reconceptualization of fear of failure in entrepreneurship. Journal of Business Venturing, 31(3), 302?325. doi: 10.1016/j.jbusvent.2016.02.002.
• Carayannis, E. G., Evans, D., & Hanson, M. (2003). A cross-cultural learning strategy for entrepreneurship education: outline of key concepts and lessons learned from a comparative study of entrepreneurship students in France and the US. Technovation, 23(9), 757?771. doi: 10.1016/S0166-4972(02)00030-5.
• Carletti, E. (2004). The structure of bank relationships, endogenous monitoring, and loan rates. Journal of Financial Intermediation, 13(1), 58?86. doi: 10.1016 /j.jfi.2003.04.001.
• Carlock, R. S., & Ward, J. L. (2010). When family businesses are best. Hampshire/New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
• Cassia, L., De Massis, A., & Kotlar, J. (2012). Exploring the effect of family control on the characteristics of SMEs in Northern Italy. International Journal of Engineering Business Management, 4, 4?16. doi: 10.5772/53988.
• Chrisman, J. J., Chua, J. H., & Steier, L. (2005). Sources and consequences of distinctive familiness: an introduction. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 29(3), 237?247. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-6520.2005.00080.x.
• Choo, S., & Wong, M. (2006). Entrepreneurial intention: triggers and barriers to new venture creations in Singapore. Singapore Management Review, 28(2), 47?64.
• Chua, J. H., Chrisman, J. J., & Sharma, P. (1999). Defining the family business by behaviour. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 23(4), 19?39. doi: 10.1177/ 104225879902300402.
• Coleman, S., & Carsky, M. (1999). Sources of capital for small family?owned businesses: evidence from the national survey of small business finances. Family Business Review, 12(1), 73?85. doi: 10.1111/j.1741-6248.1999.0007 3.x.
• Corbetta, G., & Salvato, C. A. (2004). Self-serving or self-actualizing? Models of man and agency costs in different types of family firms: a commentary on ?Comparing the agency costs of family and non-family firms: conceptual issues and exploratory evidence?. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 28(4), 355?362. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-6520.2004.00050.x.
• Cornelissen, J. P., Clarke, J. S., & Cienki, A. (2012). Sensegiving in entrepreneurial contexts: the use of metaphors in speech and gesture to gain and sustain support for novel business ventures. International Small Business Journal, 30(3), 213?241. doi: 10.1177/0266242610364427.
• Cromie, S., Stephenson, B., & Monteith, D. (1995). The management of family firms: an empirical investigation. International Small Business Journal, 13(4), 11?34. doi: 10.1177/0266242695134001.
• Daily, C. M., & Dollinger, M. J. (1992). An empirical examination of ownership structure in family and professionally managed firms. Family Business Review, 5(2), 117?136. doi: 10.1111/j.1741-6248.1992.00117.x.
• Davidsson, P., & Wiklund, J. (2001). Levels of analysis in entrepreneurship research: current research practice and suggestions for the future. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 25(4), 81?100. doi: 10.1177/104225870 102500406.
• Degryse, H., & Van Cayseele, P. (2000). Relationship lending within a bank-based system: evidence from European small business data. Journal of Financial Intermediation, 9(1), 90?109. doi: 10.1006/jfin.1999.0278.
• De Leeuw, E. D. (2005). To mix or not to mix data collection modes in surveys. Journal of Official Statistics, 21(5), 233?255.
• Dekker, J., Lybaert, N., Steijvers, T., & Depaire, B. (2015). The effect of family business professionalization as a multidimensional construct on firm performance. Journal of Small Business Management, 53(2), 516?538. doi: 10.1111 /jsbm.12082.
• Demsetz, H., & Villalonga, B. (2001). Ownership structure and corporate performance. Journal of Corporate Finance, 7(3), 209?233. doi: 10.1016/S0929-119 9(01)00020-7.
• Dewald, J., & Bowen, F. (2010). Storm clouds and silver linings: responding to disruptive innovations through cognitive resilience. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 34(1), 197?218. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-6520.2009.00312.x.
• Djankov, S., La Porta, R., Lopez-de-Silanes, F., & Shleifer, A. (2008). The law and economics of self-dealing. Journal of Financial Economics, 88(3), 430?465. doi: 10.1016/j.jfineco.2007.02.007.
• Domańska, A. (2013). Causes and effects of cooperation between enterprises and business support institutions. Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska, Sectio H Oeconomia, 47(2), 63?72. doi: 10.17951/h.2013.47.2.63.
• Donga, G., Ngirande, H., & Shumba, K. (2016). Perceived barriers to the development of small, medium and microenterprises: a case study of Thulamela Municipality in the Limpopo Province. Problems and Perspectives in Management, 14(4), 61?66. doi: 10.21511/ppm.14(4).2016.07.
• Dyer Jr, W. G., & Whetten, D. A. (2006). Family firms and social responsibility: preliminary evidence from the S&P 500. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 36(6), 785?802. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-6520.2006.00151.x
• Donnelley, R. (1964). The family business. Harvard Business Review, 12(4), 93?105.
• Eddleston, K. A., & Kellermanns, F. W. (2007). Destructive and productive family relationships: a stewardship theory perspective. Journal of Business Venturing, 22(4), 545?565. doi: 10.1016/j.jbusvent.2006.06.004.
• Eijdenberg, E. L., Thompson, N. A., Verduijn, K., & Essers, C. (2019). Entrepreneurial activities in a developing country: an institutional theory perspective. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 25(3), 414?432. doi: 10.1108/IJEBR-12-2016-0418.
• European Commission (2009). Overview of family?business?relevant issues: research, networks, policy measures and existing studies. European Commission, Enterprise and Industry Directorate-General.
• Family Enterprise USA (2011). Annual family business survey general results & conclusions. Minneapolis: Family Enterprise USA.
• Fort, T. C., Haltiwanger, J., Jarmin, R. S., & Miranda, J. (2013). How firms respond to business cycles: the role of firm age and firm size. IMF Economic Review, 61(3), 520?559. doi: 10.1057/imfer.2013.15.
• Gallo, M. Á., T?pies, J., & Cappuyns, K. (2004). Comparison of family and nonfamily business: financial logic and personal preferences. Family Business Review, 17(4), 303?318. doi: 10.1111/j.1741-6248.2004.00020.x.
• Gedajlovic, E., Lubatkin, M. H., & Schulze, W. S. (2004). Crossing the threshold from founder management to professional management: a governance perspective. Journal of Management Studies, 41(5), 899?912. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-648 6.2004.00459.x.
• Głodowska, A., Maciejewski, M., & Wach, K. (2019). How entrepreneurial orientation stimulates different types of knowledge in the internationalisation process of firms from Poland? Entrepreneurial Business and Economics Review, 7(1), 61?73. doi: 10.15678/EBER.2019.070104.
• Gnyawali, D. R., & Fogel, D. S. (1994). Environments for entrepreneurship development: key dimensions and research implications. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 18(4), 43?62. doi: 10.1177/104225879401800403.
• Gomez-Mejia, L. R., Cruz, C., Berrone, P., & De Castro, J. (2011). The bind that ties: socioemotional wealth preservation in family firms. Academy of Management Annals, 5(1), 653?707. doi: 10.1080/19416520.2011.593320.
• Gomez-Mejia, L. R., Nunez-Nickel, M., & Gutierrez, I. (2001). The role of family ties in agency contracts. Academy of Management Journal, 44(1), 81?95. doi: 10.2307/3069338.
• Hadjielias, E., & Poutziouris, P. (2015). On the conditions for the cooperative relations between family businesses: the role of trust. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 6, 867?897. doi: 10.1108/IJEBR-07-201 4-0132.
• Henry, C., Foss, L., & Ahl, H. (2016). Gender and entrepreneurship research: a review of methodological approaches. International Small Business Journal, 34(3), 217?241. doi: 10.1177/0266242614549779.
• Hernández-Linares, R., Sarkar, S., & Cobo, M. J. (2018). Inspecting the Achilles heel: a quantitative analysis of 50 years of family business definitions. Scientometrics, 115(2), 929?951. doi: 10.1007/s11192-018-2702-1.
• Hillemane, B. S. M., Satyanarayana, K., & Chandrashekar, D. (2019). Technology business incubation for start-up generation. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 25(7), 1471?1493. doi: 10.1108/IJEBR-02-2019-0087.
• Hoogendoorn, B., van der Zwan, P., & Thurik, R. (2011). Social entrepreneurship and performance: the role of perceived barriers and risk. ERIM Report Series, ERS-2011-016-ORG.
• Hoogendoorn, B., Van der Zwan, P., & Thurik, R. (2019). Sustainable entrepreneurship: the role of perceived barriers and risk. Journal of Business Ethics, 157(4), 1133?1154. doi: 10.1007/s10551-017-3646-8
• Hottenrott, H., Lopes-Bento, C., & Veugelers, R. (2017). Direct and cross scheme effects in a research and development subsidy program. Research Policy, 46(6), 1118?1132. doi: 10.1016/j.respol.2017.04.004.
• Hulsink, W., & Koek, D. (2014). The young, the fast and the furious: a study about the triggers and impediments of youth entrepreneurship. International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation Management, 18(2-3), 182?209. doi: 10.15 04/IJEIM.2014.062876
• Iturralde, T., Maseda, A., & San-Jose, L. (2010). Empirical evidence of banking relationships for Spanish SMEs. International Small Business Journal, 28(3), 274?295. doi: 10.1177/0266242609360706.
• James, H. S. (1999). Owner as manager, extended horizons and the family firm. International Journal of the Economics of Business, 6(1), 41?55. doi: 10.1 080/13571519984304.
• Jiménez-Valverde, A., & Lobo, J. M. (2007). Threshold criteria for conversion of probability of species presence to either?or presence?absence. Acta Oecologica, 31(3), 361?369. doi: 10.1016/j.actao.2007.02.001.
• Johannisson, B. (2002). Energizing entrepreneurship: ideological tensions in the medium-sized family business. In D. Fletcher (Ed.). Understanding the small family business. London: Routledge, 46?57.
• Johnson, S., La Porta, R., Lopez-de-Silanes, F., & Shleifer, A. (2000). Tunneling. American Economic Review, 90(2), 22?27. doi: 10.1257/aer.90.2.22.
• Jones, P., Jones, A. Packham, G., & Miller, G. (2008). Student attitudes towards enterprise education in Poland: a positive impact. Education + Training, 50(7), 597?614. doi: 10.1108/00400910810909054.
• Kellermanns, F. W., & Eddleston, K. A. (2004). Feuding families: when conflict does a family firm good. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 28(3), 209?228. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-6520.2004.00040.x.
• Kellermanns, F. W., & Eddleston, K. A. (2006). Corporate entrepreneurship in family firms: a family erspective. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 30(6), 809?830. 10.1111/j.1540-6520.2006.00153.x.
• Kellermanns, F. W., Eddleston, K. A., Barnett, T., & Pearson, A. (2008). An exploratory study of family member characteristics and involvement: effects on entrepreneurial behavior in the family firm. Family Business Review, 21(1), 1?14. doi: 10.1111/j.1741-6248.2007.00107.x.
• Kellermanns, F. W., Eddleston, K. A., & Zellweger, T. M. (2012). Article commentary: extending the socioemotional wealth perspective: a look at the dark side. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 36(6), 1175?1182. doi: 10.1111/j. 1540-6520.2012.00544.x.
• Khayri, S., Yaghoubi, J., & Yazdanpanah, M. (2011). Investigating barriers to enhance entrepreneurship in agricultural higher education from the perspective of graduate students. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 15, 2818?2822. doi: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.04.195.
• Krisnaresanti, A., Julialevi, K. O., Naufalin, L. R., & Dinanti, A. (2020). Analysis of entrepreneurship education in creating new entrepreneurs. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Knowledge, 8(2), 67?76. doi: 10.37335/ijek.v8i 2.112.
• Lam, T. Y., & Lee, S. K. (2012). Family ownership, board committees and firm performance: evidence from Hong Kong. Corporate Governance: The International Journal of Business in Society, 12(3), 353?366. doi: 10.1108/147207012 11234609.
• Le Breton?Miller, I., & Miller, D. (2013). Socioemotional wealth across the family firm life cycle: a commentary on ?Family Business Survival and the Role of Boards?. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 37(6), 1391?1397. doi: 10.111 1/etap.12072.
• Lee, L., Wong, P. K., Der Foo, M., & Leung, A. (2011). Entrepreneurial intentions: the influence of organizational and individual factors. Journal of Business Venturing, 26(1), 124?136. doi: 10.1016/j.jbusvent.2009.04.003.
• Lofstrom, M., Bates, T., & Parker, S. C. (2014). Why are some people more likely to become small-businesses owners than others: entrepreneurship entry and industry-specific barriers. Journal of Business Venturing, 29(2), 232?251. doi: 10.1016/j.jbusvent.2013.01.004.
• Lin, H. K., & Chen, H. (2012). Family management and firm value: the moderating influence of founder-CEO and outside directorships. International Research Journal of Finance and Economics, 85(4), 40?54.
• Luo, Y., & Junkunc, M. (2008). How private enterprises respond to government bureaucracy in emerging economies: the effects of entrepreneurial type and governance. Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, 2(2), 133?153. doi: 10.1002/s ej.46.
• Lüthje, C., & Franke, N. (2003). The ?making?of an entrepreneur: testing a model of entrepreneurial intent among engineering students at MIT. R&D Management, 33(2), 135?147.
• Machek, O., Brabec, M., & Hnilica, J. (2013). Measuring performance gaps between family and non-family businesses: a meta-analysis of existing evidence. International Academic Research Journal of Business and Management, 2(3), 17?30.
• Maury, B. (2006). Family ownership and firm performance: empirical evidence from Western European corporations. Journal of Corporate Finance, 12(2), 321?341. doi: 10.1016/j.jcorpfin.2005.02.002.
• McKevitt, D., & Marshall, D. (2015). The legitimacy of entrepreneurial mentoring. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior and Research, 21(2), 263?280. doi: 10.1108/IJEBR-05-2014-0089.
• Michiels, A., Uhlaner, L., & Dekker, J. (2017). The effect of family business professionalization on dividend payout. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 24(4), 971?990. doi: 10.1108/JSBED-01-2017-0023.
• Mikołajczak, P. (2021). What affects employment by NGOs? Counteraction to precarious employment in the Polish non-profit sector in the perspective of COVID-19 pandemic crises. Oeconomia Copernicana, 12(3), 761?788. doi: 10.24136/oc.2021.025.
• Minola, T., Criaco, G., & Obschonka, M. (2016). Age, culture, and self-employment motivation. Small Business Economics, 46(2), 187?213. doi: 10.10 07/s11187-015-9685-6.
• Miller, M. B. (1995). Coefficient alpha: a basic introduction from the perspectives of classical test theory and structural equation modelling. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 2(3), 255?273. doi: 10.1080/10705519 509540013.
• Miller, T. L., Wesley, C. L., & Williams, D. E. (2012). Educating the minds of caring hearts: comparing the views of practitioners and educators on the importance of social entrepreneurship competencies. Academy of Management Learning & Education, 11(3), 349?370. doi: 10.5465/amle.2011.0017.
• Minniti, M. (2008). The role of government policy on entrepreneurial activity: productive, unproductive, or destructive? Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 32(5), 779?790. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-6520.2008.00255.x.
• Moores, K., & Mula, J. (2000). The salience of market, bureaucratic, and clan controls in the management of family firm transitions: some tentative Australian evidence. Family Business Review, 13(2), 91?106. doi: 10.1111/j.1741-6248.2000.00091.x.
• Morris, M. H., Kuratko, D. F., Schindehutte, M., & Spivack, A. J. (2012). Framing the entrepreneurial experience. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 36(1), 11?40. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-6520.2011.00471.x.
• Mura, L., (2020). Innovations and marketing management of family businesses: results of empirical study. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Knowledge, 8(2), 56?66. doi: 10.37335/ijek.v8i2.118.
• Mwatsika, C. (2021). Perceptions of entrepreneurship in Malawi: a country context understanding of entrepreneurship. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Knowledge, 9(2), 49?62. doi: 10.37335/ijek.v9i2.134.
• Naldi, L., Cennamo, C., Corbetta, G., & Gomez?Mejia, L. (2013). Preserving socioemotional wealth in family firms: asset or liability? The moderating role of business context. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 37(6), 1341?1360. doi: 10.1111/etap.12069.
• Nawaser, K., Khaksar, S. M. S., Shakhsian, F., & Jahanshahi, A. A. (2011). Motivational and legal barriers of entrepreneurship development. International Journal of Business and Management, 6(11), 112. doi: 10.5539/ijbm.v6n11p 112.
• Nguyen, T. T. (2020). The impact of access to finance and environmental factors on entrepreneurial intention: the mediator role of entrepreneurial behavioural control. Entrepreneurial Business and Economics Review, 8(2), 127?140. doi: 10.15678/EBER.2020.080207.
• Nikodemska-Wołowik, A., Bednarz, J., Wach, D., Little, J., & Kubik, M. (2020). Building aware and unaware consumers? trust towards family business: evidence from Poland. Entrepreneurial Business and Economics Review, 8(3), 135?154. doi: 10.15678/EBER.2020.080308.
• Nordqvist, M., & Melin, L. (2010). Entrepreneurial families and family firms. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 22(3-4), 211?239. doi: 10.1 080/08985621003726119.
• Osorio, A. E., Settles, A., & Shen, T. (2017). Does family support matter? The influence of support factors on entrepreneurial attitudes and intentions of college students. Academy of Entrepreneurship Journal, 23(1), 24?43.
• Oswald, S. L., Muse, L. A., & Rutherford, M. W. (2009). The influence of large stake family control on performance: Is it agency or entrenchment? Journal of Small Business Management, 47(1), 116?135. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-627X.2008 .00264.x.
• Ovaska, T., & Sobel, R. S. (2005). Entrepreneurship in post-socialist economies. Journal of Private Enterprise, 21(1), 8?28.
• Peng, M. W. (2000). Business strategies in transition economies. CA: Sage, Thousand Oaks.
• Perenyi, A., Zolin, R., & Maritz, A. (2018). The perceptions of Australian senior entrepreneurs on the drivers of their entrepreneurial activity. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 24(1), 81?103. doi: 10.1108/ IJEBR-12-2016-0424.
• Puffer, S. M., McCarthy, D. J., & Boisot, M. (2010). Entrepreneurship in Russia and China: the impact of formal institutional voids. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 34(3), 441?467. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-6520.2009.00353.x.
• Rutherford, M. W., Kuratko, D. F., & Holt, D. T. (2008). Examining the link between ?familiness? and performance: can the F?PEC untangle the family business theory jungle? Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 32(6), 1089?1109. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-6520.2008.00275.x.
• Sarasvathy, S. D. (2004). The questions we ask and the questions we care about: reformulating some problems in entrepreneurship research. Journal of Business Venturing, 19(5), 707?717. doi: 10.1016/j.jbusvent.2003.09.006.
• Scott, W. R. (2008). Approaching adulthood: the maturing of institutional theory. Theory and Society, 37(5), 427. doi: 10.1007/s11186-008-9067-z.
• Shane, S., & Venkataraman, S. (2000). The promise of entrepreneurship as a field of research. Academy of Management Review, 25(1), 217?226. doi: 10.5465/ amr.2000.2791611.
• Shahverdi, M., Ismail, K., & Qureshi, M. (2018). The effect of perceived barriers on social entrepreneurship intention in Malaysian universities: the moderating role of education. Management Science Letters, 8(5), 341?352. doi: 10.5267/j. msl.2018.4.014.
• Shinnar, R. S., Giacomin, O., & Janssen, F. (2012). Entrepreneurial perceptions and intentions: the role of gender and culture. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 36(3), 465?493. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-6520.2012.00509.x.
• Shinnar, R., Pruett, M., & Toney, B. (2009). Entrepreneurship education: attitudes across campus. Journal of Education for Business, 84(3), 151?159. doi: 10.320 0/JOEB.84.3.151-159.
• Smith, S., Hamilton, M., & Fabian, K. (2020). Entrepreneurial drivers, barriers and enablers of computing students: gendered perspectives from an Australian and UK university. Studies in Higher Education, 45(9), 1892?1905. doi: 10.1080/0 3075079.2019.1637840.
• Songini, L. (2006). The professionalization of family firms: theory and practice. In P. Z. Poutziouris, K. X. Smyrnios & S. B. Klein (Eds.). Handbook of research on family business. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 269?297.
• The Polish Agency for Enterprise Development (2015). Raport o stanie sektora MSP w latach 2013?2014. Warsaw.
• Thornton, P. H., Ribeiro-Soriano, D., & Urbano, D. (2011). Socio-cultural factors and entrepreneurial activity: an overview. International Small Business Journal, 29(2), 105?118. doi: 10.1177/0266242610391930.
• Tagiuri, R., & Davis, J. (1996). Bivalent attributes of the family firm. Family Business Review, 9(2), 199?208. doi: 10.1111/j.1741-6248.1996.00199.x.
• Virglerova, Z., Ivanova, E., Dvorsky, J., Belas, J., & Krulický, T. (2021). Selected factors of internationalisation and their impact on the SME perception of the market risk. Oeconomia Copernicana, 12(4), 1011?1032. doi: 10.24136/oc.202 1.033.
• Villalonga, B., & Amit, R. (2006). How do family ownership, control and management affect firm value? Journal of Financial Economics, 80(2), 385?417. doi: 10.1016/j.jfineco.2004.12.005.
• Voithofer, P., & Mandl, I. (2004). Transfer and succession in Austrian family firms. Vienna: KMU Forschung Austria, Austrian Institute for SME Research.
• Wach, K. (2014). Familiness and born globals: rapid internationalisation among Polish family firms. Journal of Intercultural Management, 6(3), 177?186. doi: 10.2478/joim-2014-0028.
• Webb, J. W., Ketchen Jr, D. J., & Ireland, R. D. (2010). Strategic entrepreneurship within family-controlled firms: opportunities and challenges. Journal of Family Business Strategy, 1(2), 67?77. doi: 10.1016/j.jfbs.2010.04.002.
• Węcławski, J., & Pernsteiner, H. (2019). Why family firms in Poland choose to diversify their banking relationships. Argumenta Oeconomica, 2(43), 67?83. doi: 10.15611/aoe.2019.2.03.
• Węcławski, J., & Żukowska, B. (2019). Refreshing typologies based on family firms? goals: the perspective of ?first-generation enterprises?. Central European Management Journal, 27(3), 128?146. doi: 10.7206/cemj.2658-084 5.6.
• Whisler, T. L. (1988). The role of the board in the threshold firm. Family Business Review, 1(3), 309?321. doi: 10.1111/j.1741-6248.1988.00309.x.
• Williams, R. I. Jr, (2015). Measuring family business performance: a holistic, idiosyncratic approach. Kennesaw State University. Doctor of Business Administration Dissertations. Working paper, 13.
• Zahra, S. A., Hayton, J. C., & Salvato, C. (2004). Entrepreneurship in family vs. non?family firms: a resource?based analysis of the effect of organizational culture. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 28(4), 363?381. doi: 10.1111/j.15 40-6520.2004.00051.x.
• Zachary, R. K. (2011). The importance of the family system in family business. Journal of Family Business Management, 1(1), 26?36. doi: 10.1108/204362311 11122263.
• Zajkowski, R., & Domańska, A. (2019). Differences in perception of regional pro-entrepreneurial policy: does obtaining support change a prospect? Oeconomia Copernicana, 10(2), 359?384. doi: 10.24136/oc.2019.018.
• Zajkowski, R., & Żukowska, B. (2020). Family Businesses during the COVID-19 crisis?evidence from Poland. Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska, sectio H?Oeconomia, 54(3), 101?116. doi: 10.17951/h.2020.54.3.101-116.
• Zellweger, T. M., & Astrachan, J. H. (2008). On the emotional value of owning a firm. Family Business Review, 21(4), 347?363. doi: 10.1177/0894486508021 0040106.
• Zellweger, T. M., Kellermanns, F. W., Eddleston, K. A., & Memili, E. (2012). Building a family firm image: how family firms capitalize on their family ties. Journal of Family Business Strategy, 3(4), 239?250. doi: 10.1016/j.jfbs.2012.1 0.001.
• Zhang, J., & Ma, H. (2009). Adoption of professional management in Chinese family business: a multilevel analysis of impetuses and impediments. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 26(1), 119?139. doi: 10.1007/s10490-008-9099-y.

Identifiers

DOI

10.24136/eq.2022.008

Biblioteka Nauki

22444275