„Tent cities” w Stanach Zjednoczonych jako element strategii walki z bezdomnością

• Authors: Monika Machowska

Title variants

EN

„Tent cities” in the United States as an element of anti-homelessness strategy

Abstracts

EN

The main purpose of this article is an introduction to the subject of tent cities in the United States. It is a phenomenon with many aspects and a long history - from the tent cities of runaway slaves during the Civil War, through Hoovervilles, to “CCC Camps” and “She-She-She Camps” under the New Deal Program. In recent times it includes illegal tent cities and habitats created with the participation of non-governmental organizations and the approval of local state administration. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the municipalities of several cities have organized legal tent cities as a replacement for homeless shelters which have been closed due to outbreak of COVID-19. This situation not only attracted the attention of the media, but became an opportunity to raise the question of the validity of using similar solutions as a permanent elements of the federal homelessness strategy. Giving a credible answer to them could be of particular importance in the situation of the economy turmoil, high unemployment rate, loss of income and insufficient federal expenditures on affordable housing programs. In the near future these factors will contribute to increase the American homeless population. This work is a descriptive and analytical study, based on federal statistics and non-governmental organization reports, monographs, scientific articles and press coverage.

PL

Niniejszy artykuł ma na celu przybliżenie tematyki „tent cities” w Stanach Zjednoczonych. Jest to zjawisko o wielu odsłonach i długiej historii - od obozowisk zbiegłych niewolników w okresie Wojny Secesyjnej, przez Hoovervilles, po „CCC Camps” i „She-She-She Camps” w ramach programu New Deal. Współcześnie obejmuje nielegalne „tent cities” oraz osady powstające przy udziale organizacji pozarządowych i akceptacji samorządów lokalnych. W okresie pandemii COVID-19 magistraty kilku największych aglomeracji kraju zorganizowały legalne „tent cities” jako zastępstwo zamykanych schronisk dla osób w kryzysie bezdomności. Te działania nie tylko skupiły zainteresowanie mediów, ale stały się okazją do postawienia pytania o zasadność zastosowania podobnych rozwiązań jako stałych elementów federalnej strategii walki z bezdomnością. Udzielenie na nie wiarygodnej odpowiedzi może mieć szczególną wagę w obliczu konsekwencji zamrożenia amerykańskiej gospodarki, którymi są wysoki poziom bezrobocia, spadek dochodów i niewystarczająca liczba niedrogich mieszkań, a co za tym idzie ryzyko wzrostu populacji bezdomnych Amerykanów. Artykuł ma charakter deskryptywno-analityczny. Za podstawę analiz posłużyły statystyki i raporty administracji federalnej, organizacji pozarządowych, monografie, artykuły naukowe oraz materiały prasowe.

Keywords

PL

bezdomność; miasteczka namiotowe; organizacje pozarządowe; pandemia COVID-19; program pomocy społecznej; Stany Zjednoczone

EN

COVID-19 pandemic; homelessness; non-governmental organisations; Social Security program; tent cities; United States

• Publisher: Instytut Geografii Uniwersytetu Pedagogicznego im. Komisji Edukacji Narodowej w Krakowie
• Journal: Annales Universitatis Paedagogicae Cracoviensis Studia Geographica
• Year: 2021
• Volume: 16
• Pages: 128-139

Dates

published

2021

Contributors

author

Monika Machowska

• Uniwersytet Jagielloński

References

• Blackburn, M. (2015). Free Before Emancipation. Letter from Virginia. Archeological Institute of America. https://www.archaeology.org/issues/184-1507/letter-from/3339-letter from-virginia-contraband-camp.
• Chapman, L.A.C., Kushel, M. (2020). Comparison of infection control strategies to reduce COVID-19 outbreaks in homeless shelters in the United States: a simulation study. https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.28.20203166v3?versioned=true
• Hardman, J. (1999). The Great Depression and the New Deal. Ethics of Development in a Global Environment. https://web.stanford.edu/class/e297c/poverty_prejudice/soc_sec/hgreat.html
• Johnson, R.A. (2010). African Americans and Homelessness: Moving Through History. Journal of Black Studies, 40(4), 583-605.
• Kaltenborn, H. (1956). It Seems Like Yesterday. University of Michigan.
• Kusmer, K.L. (2002). Down and out, on the Road. The Homeless in American History. NY: Oxford University Press.
• Loftus-Farren, Z. (2011). Tent Cities: An Interim Solution to Homelessness and Affordable Housing Shortages in the United States. California Law Review, 99, 1037-1081.
• New Deal Resident Camps for Unemployed Women. (2021). PennPraxis, University of Pennsylvania. https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/02050ee5b4d543cf93821f56382367c2
• Ochiai, A. (2001). The Port Royal Experiment Revisited: Northern Visions of Reconstruction and the Land Question. The New England Quarterly, 74(1), 94-117.
• Patterson, J.T. (1994). America’s Struggle Against Poverty: 1900-1994. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
• Rosentreter, R.L. (1986). Roosevelt’s Tree Army: Michigan’s Civilian Conservation Corps. Michigan History Magazine. https://www.michigan.gov/mhc/0,9075,7-361-85147_87219_87222-472998--,00.html
• Henry, M., de Sousa, T. (2021). The 2020 Annual Homeless Assessment Report (AHAR) to Congress. https://www.huduser.gov/portal/sites/default/files/pdf/2020-AHAR-Part-1.pdf
• The GAP. (2016). The Affordable Housing Gap Analysis. National Low Income Housing Coalition. https://reports.nlihc.org/sites/default/files/Gap-Report_2016.pdf
• The GAP. (2021). The Affordable Housing Gap Analysis. National Low Income Housing Coalition. https://reports.nlihc.org/sites/default/files/gap/Gap-Report_2021.pdf
• STOUT. (2020). Analysis of Current and Expected Rental Shortfall and Potential Evictions in the U.S. National Council of State Housing Agencies. https://www.ncsha.org/wp-content/uploads/Analysis-of-Current-and-Expected-Rental-Shortfall-and-Potential-Evictionsin-the-US_Stout_FINAL.pdf
• U.S. Census 1900. https://www2.census.gov/prod2/statcomp/documents/1901-02.pdf
• Yae, R., Aurand, A. (2020). Emergency Rental Assistance Programs in Response to Covid-19.
• Disaster Housing Recovery Coalition. https://nlihc.org/sites/default/files/Emergency-Rental-Assistance-Programs-3.pdf
• Chilland, E. (23.09.2016). Meet the LA man who has built dozens of tiny houses for homeless residents. Los Angeles Curbed. https://la.curbed.com/2016/9/23/13026572/tinyhouses-homeless-los-angeles-elvis-summers-interview
• Fernandez Campbell, A., Flores, R. (25.11.2014). How Silicon Valley Created America’s Largest Homeless Camp. The Atlantic. https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2014/11/how-silicon-valley-created-americas-largest-homeless-camp/431739/
• Herring, Ch. (2015). Tent City, America. Places. https://placesjournal.org/article/tent-city-america/?cn-reloaded=1In Pandemic America’s Tent Cities, a Grim future Grows Darker. (23.12.2020). U.S. News. https://
• www.usnews.com/news/top-news/articles/2020-12-23/in-pandemic-americas-tentcities-a-grim-future-grows-darker
• Jeffery, A. (15.04.2020). In Las Vegas, a parking lot hosts homeless people during coronavirus outbreak. CNBC. https://www.cnbc.com/2020/04/15/photos-las-vegas-parking-lothosts-homeless-people-during-coronavirus.html
• Kelly, A. (25.08.2017). President Trump Pardons Former Sheriff Joe Arpaio. NPR. https://www.npr.org/2017/08/25/545282459/president-trump-pardons-former-sheriff-joe-arpaio
• Motlagh, J. (03.02.2012). The Last Free Place in America. Slab City, Here We Come. Living Life Off The Grid in California’s Badlands. Time. http://content.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,2105597,00.html
• Nalewicki, J. (01.10.2018). Inside Slab City, a Squatters’ Paradise in Southern California. Smithsonian Magazine. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/inside-slab-city-squattersparadise-southern-california-180970218/
• Neuman, S. (12.10.2017). Sheriff Joe Arpaio’s Infamous’ Tent City Jail’ Closes. NPR. https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/10/12/557302259/sheriff-joe-arpaiosinfamous-tent-city-jail-closes
• Scott, A. (25.05.2021). High Cost Of Los Angeles Homeless Camp Raises Eyebrows And Questions. NPR. https://www.npr.org/2021/05/25/999969718/high-cost-of-los-angeleshomeless-camp-raises-eyebrows-and-questions
• Tent City 4. http://www.sharewheel.org/tent-city-4
• Dignity Village. https://dignityvillage.org/

Identifiers

DOI

10.24917/20845456.16.8

Biblioteka Nauki

29433640