Heavy metal and mould contamination of herbal medicinal products – an overview

• Authors: Iwona Ałtyn , Magdalena Twarużek
• Languages of publication: EN

Abstracts

EN

Rośliny zielarskie są powszechnie wykorzystywane jako surowce w przemyśle farmaceutycznym. Od czasów starożytnych ziół używa się w leczeniu i zapobieganiu chorób. Jednakże w dzisiejszych czasach mogą one nie spełniać wymagań dotyczących jakości, bezpieczeństwa i skuteczności. Większość produktów ziołowych nie jest testowana, a ich efekty działania są słabo monitorowane. Konsekwencją tego jest niewystarczająca wiedza na temat przebiegu ich działania, skutków ubocznych, przeciwwskazań oraz interakcji z występującymi na rynku produktami farmaceutycznymi oraz żywnością. Przyczyną negatywnego wpływu surowców ziołowych na organizm może być ich zanieczyszczenie przez różne grzyby pleśniowe, powstające podczas zbioru, przetwarzania, przechowywania, a także dystrybucji. Zanieczyszczenie surowców zielarskich może być również spowodowane przez różnorodne metale ciężkie, które występują w wielu aspektach współczesnego życia. Celem niniejszej pracy jest przegląd informacji na temat stanu mykologicznego i chemicznego roślin leczniczych, a także wskazanie kilku ważnych wyzwań związanych z efektywnym monitorowaniem ich bezpieczeństwa.

Keywords

EN

contamination; heavy metals; medicinal plants; mould

• Publisher: Uniwersytet Komisji Edukacji Narodowej w Krakowie
• Journal: Annales Universitatis Paedagogicae Cracoviensis Studia Naturae
• Year: 2018

Dates

published

2018-12-31

Contributors

author

Iwona Ałtyn

• Department of Physiology and Toxicology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Kazimierz Wielki University, Chodkiewicza 30 St., 85-064 Bydgoszcz, Poland

author

Magdalena Twarużek

• Department of Physiology and Toxicology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Kazimierz Wielki University, Chodkiewicza 30 St., 85-064 Bydgoszcz, Poland

References

• Abou-Arab, A.A.K., Kawther, M.S., El Tantawy, M.E., Badeaa, R.I., Khayria, N. (1999). Quantity estimation of some contaminants in commonly used medicinal plants in the Egyptian market. Food Chemistry, 67(4), 357–363. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0308-8146(99)00082-5
• Abou Donia, M.A. (2008). Microbiological quality and aflatoxinogenesis of Egyptian spices and medicinal plants. Global Veterinaria, 2(4), 175–181.
• Ahmad, B., Ashiq, S., Hussain, A., Bashir, S., Hussain, M. (2014). Evaluation of mycotoxins, mycobiota, and toxigenic fungi in selected medicinal plants of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Fungal Biology, 118(9–10), 776–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.funbio.2014.06.002
• Ajasa, A.M., Bello, M.O., Ibrahim, A.O., Ogunwande, I.A., Olawore, N.O. (2004). Heavy trace metals and macronutrients status in herbal plants of Nigeria. Food Chemistry, 85(1), 67–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2003.06.004
• Ang, H.H., Lee, K.L. (2006). Contamination of Merkury in tongkat Ali hitam herbal preparations. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 44(8), 1245–1250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2006.01.014
• Arzani, A., Zeinali, H., Razmjo, K. (2007). Iron and magnesium concentrations of mint accessions (Mentha spp.). Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 45(5), 323–329. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2007.03.023
• Awodele, O., Popoola, T.D., Amadi, K.C., Coker, H.A., Akintonwa A. (2013). Traditional medicinal plants in Nigeria – remedies or risks. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 150(2), 614–618. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2013.09.015
• Başgel, S., Erdemoğlu, S.B. (2006). Determination of mineral and trace elements in some medicinal herbs and their infusions consumed in Turkey. Scence of the Total Environment, 359(1–3), 82–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2005.04.016
• Bugno, A., Almodovar, A.B., Pereira, T.C., Pinto, T.J.A., Sabino, M. (2006). Occurrence of toxigenic fungi in herbal drugs. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology, 37, 47–51. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1517-83822006000100009
• Caldas, E.D., Machado, L.L. (2004). Cadmium, mercury and lead in medicinal herbs in Brazil. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 42(4), 599–603. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2003.11.004
• Chaurasia, H.K. (1995). Mycobiota and mycotoxins in herbal drugs of Indian pharmaceutical industries. Mycological Research, 99(6), 697–703. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0953-7562(09)80531-5
• Chuang, I.C., Chen, K.S., Huang, Y.L., Lee, P.N., Lin, T.H. (2000). Determination of trace elements in some natural drugs by atomic absorption spectrometry. Biological Trace Element Research, 76, 235–44. https://doi.org/10.1385/BTER:76:3:235
• Dar, A.S., Ganai, F.A., Yousuf, A.R., Balkhi, M.H., Bhat, T.M., Sharma, P. (2013). Pharmacological and toxicological evaluation of Urtica dioca. Pharmaceutical Biology, 51(2), 170–180. https://doi.org/10.3109/13880209.2012.715172
• Devi, K.N., Sarma, H.N., Kumar, S. (2008). Estimation of essential and trace elements in some medicinal plants by PIXE and PIGE techniques. Nuclear Instruments and Methods Physics Research Section B, 266(8), 1605–1610. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nimb.2007.12.004
• Efuntoye, M.O. (1996). Fungi associated with herbal drug plants during storage. Mycopathologia, 136(2), 115–118. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00437505
• Egan, S.K., Bolger, P.M., Carrington, C.D. (2007). Update of US FDA's Total diet study food list and diets. Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology, 17(6), 573–82. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.jes.7500554
• FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of United Nations) (2001). Manual on the application of the HACCP system in mycotoxin prevention and control 73, Rome: FAO Food and Nutrition.
• Filipiak-Szok, A., Kurzawa, M., Szłyk, E. (2015). Determination of toxic metals by ICP-MS in Asiatic and European medicinal plants and dietary supplements. Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology, 30, 54–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtemb.2014.10.008
• Filipiak-Szok, A., Kurzawa, M., Szłyk, E., Twarużek, M., Błajet-Kosicka, A., Grajewski, J. (2016). Determination of mycotoxins, alkaloids, phytochemicals, antioxidants and cytotoxicity in Asiatic Ginseng (Ashwagandha, Dong quai, Panax ginseng). Chemical Papers, 71(6), 1073–1082. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11696-016-0028-0
• Gowrishankar, R., Kumar, M., Menon, V., Divi, S.M., Saravanan, M., Magudapathy, P., Panigrhi, B.K., Nair, G.K.M., Venkatarmaniah, K. (2010). Trace element studies on Tinospora cordifolia (Menispermaceae), Ocimum sanctum (Lamiaceae), Moringa oleifera (Moringaceae), and Phyllanthus niruri (Euphorbiaceae) using PIXE. Biological Trace Element Research, 133(3), 357–363. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-009-8439-1
• Harris, E.S.J., Cao, S., Littlefield, B.A., Craycroft, J.A., Scholten, R., Kaptchuk, T., Fu, Y., Wang, W., Liu, Y., Chen, H., Zhao, Z., Clardy, J., Woolf, A.D., Eisenberg, D.M. (2011). Heavy metal and pesticide content in commonly prescribed individual raw Chinese Herbal Medicines. Science Total of Environment, 409(20), 4297–4305. https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.scitotenv.2011.07.032
• Hewawasam, R.P., Jayatilaka, K.A.P.W., Mudduwaand, L.K.B., Pathirana, C. (2016). Toxicological evaluation of five Sri Lankan medicinal plants: a biochemical, haematological and histopathological assessment. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, 7(10), 4014–4021. https://doi.org/10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.7(10).4014-21
• Hifsa, M., Naeem, I., Taskeen, A., Zeb, S. (2009). Investigation of heavy metals in commercial spices brands. New York Science Journal, 2(5), 1554–2200.
• Hitokoto, H., Morozumi, S., Wauke, T., Sakai, S., Kurata, H. (1978). Fungal contamination and mycotoxin detection of powdered herbal drugs. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 36, 252–256.
• Husain, A., Baroon, Z., Al-Khalafawi, S., Al.-Ati, T., Sawaya, W. (1995). Heavy metals in fruits and vegetables grown in Kuwait Turing the oil well fires. Arab Gulf Journal of science and Research, 13(3), 535–542.
• Hussein, H.S., Brasel, J.M. (2001). Toxicity, metabolism, and impact of mycotoxins on humans and animals. Toxicology, 167, 101–134. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0300-483X(01)00471-1
• Jahani, M., Rezaei, O.M., Khodadadi, M., Alemzadeh, E. (2013). A survey of fungal contamination associated with barberry (Berberis spp.) in Iran. American Journal of Plant Sciences, 4, 1594–1596. https://doi.org/10.4236/ajps.2013.48192
• Lendinez, E., Lorenzo, M.L., Cabrera, C., Lopez, M.C. (2001). Chromium in basic foods of the Spanish diet: seafood, cereals, vegetables, olive oils and dairy products. Science Total of Environment, 278, 183–189. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(01)00647-7
• Matsushima, T., Itoh, H., Ikeda, M. (1958). Investigation of the fungal spoilage of crude drugs. Journal of Japanese Botany, 33, 12–23.
• Naga Raju, G.J., Sarita, P., Ramana Murty, G.A.V., Ravi Kumar, M., Seetharami, B., Charles, J., Lakshminarayanaa, S., Seshi Reddy, T., Bhuloka Reddy, S., Vijanyan, V. (2006). Estimation of trace elements in some anti-diabetic medicinal plants using PIXE technique. Applied Radiationand Isotopes, 64, 893–900. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apradiso.2006.02.085
• Olowoyo, J.O., Okedeyi, O.O., Mkolo, N.M., Lion, G.N., Mdakane, S.T.R. (2012). Uptake and translocation of heavy metals by medicinal plants growing around a waste dump site in Pretoria, South Africa. South African Journal of Botany, 78, 116–121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2011.05.010
• Orisakwe, O.S., Nduka, J.K., Amadi, C.N., Dike, D.O., Bede, O. (2012). Heavy metals health risk assessment for population via consumption of food crops and fruits in Owerri, South Eastern Nigeria. Chemistry Central Journal, 6, 77. https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1752-153X-6-77
• Rajeshwaria, P., Raveesha, K.A. (2016). Mycological analysis and aflatoxin B1 contaminant estimation of herbal drug raw materials. African Journal of Traditional Complementary and Alternative Medicines, 13(5), 123–131. https://doi.org/10.21010/ajtcam.v13i5.16
• Raman, P., Patino, L.C., Nair, N.G. (2004). Evaluation of metal and microbial contamination. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 52(26), 7822–7827. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf049150+
• Rawat, A., Mahajan, S., Gupta, A., Agnihotri, R.K., Wahi, N., Sharma, R. (2014). Detection of toxigenic fungi and mycotoxins in some stored medicinal plant samples. International Journal of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, 2(2), 211–216. https://doi.org/10.3126/ijasbt.v2i2.10457
• Rizzo, I., Vedoya, G., Maurutto, S., Haidukowski, M., Varsavsky, E. (2004) Assessment of toxigenic fungi on Argentine and medicinal herbs. Microbiological Research, 159, 113–120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micres.2004.01.013
• Roy, A.K., Chourasia, H.K.J. (1990). Mycoflora, Mycotoxin producibility and mycotoxins in traditional herbal drugs from India. Journal of General and Applied Microbiology, 36, 295–302.
• Saper, R.B., Kales, S.N., Paquin, J., Burns, M.J., Eisenberg, D.M., Davis, R.B., Phillips, R.S. (2004). Heavy metal content of ayurvedic herbal medicine products. Journal of the American Medical Association, 292, 2868–2873. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.292.23.2868
• Shad, A.K., Lajbar, K., Iqbal, H., Khan, B.M., Naveed, A. (2008). Profile heavy metals in selected medicinal plants. Pakistan Journal of Weed Science Research, 14(1–2), 101–110.
• Singh, V., Garg, A.N. (1997). Availability of essential trace elements in Ayurvedic Indian medicinal herbs using instrumental neutron activation analysis. Applied Radiation and Isotopes, 48(1), 97–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0969-8043(96)00043-7
• Ting, A., Chow, Y., Tan, W. (2013). Microbial and heavy metal contamination in commonly consumer traditional Chinese herbal medicines. Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 33(1), 119–124. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0254-6272(13)60112-0
• Tournas, V.H., Katsoudas, E., Miracco, E.J. (2006). Moulds, yeasts and aerobic plate counts in ginseng supplements. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 108(2), 178–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2005.11.009
• Udagawa, S., Kurata, H., Norizuki, K., Takatori, K., Nakao, M., Takahashi, K. (1976). Distribution of aflatoxin-producing fungi in crude drugs of plant origin. Proceedings of the Japanese Association of Mycotoxicology, 3/4, 35–37.
• United States Pharmacopeia 28 National Formulary 23 (USP 28/NF 23). (2005). United States Pharmacopeial Convention Inc. Rockville, MD.
• USDA (United States Department of Agriculture) (2009). Pesticide Date Program: annual summary, calendar year 2008. Washington, DC, United States: Agricultural Marketing Service, Science and Technology Programs.
• US FDA (United States Food and Drug Administration) (2007). Total Diet Study Results. Revision 4.1, market baskets 1991 through 2005. College Park, United States: US FDA, Centre for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition; 2007. [Internet] US FDA (United States Food and Drug Administration). Pesticide residues in food and feed – enforcement criteria (CPG Sec. 575.100).
• UUS GAO (United States Government Accountability Office) (2010). Herbal dietary supplements: examples of deceptive or questionable marketing practices and potentially dangerous advice. Washington, DC, United States: US GAO.
• WHO (World Health Organization) (1998). Quality Control Methods for Medicinal Plant Materials. WHO Press, Geneva, Switzerland.
• WHO (World Health Organization) (2003). WHO guidelines on good agricultural and field collection practices (GACP) for medicinal plants. Geneva, World Health Organization.
• WHO (World Health Organization) (2007). WHO guidelines for assessing quality of herbal medicines with reference to contaminants and residues. WHO 11.
• Zhang, G.Z., Zhang, S.F. (2002). Fungal detection of American ginseng seeds from Beijing and northeast area in China. Zhongguo Zhongyao Zazhi, 27(9), 658–661.

Identifiers

DOI

10.24917/25438832.3.9