Full-text resources of CEJSH and other databases are now available in the new Library of Science.
Visit https://bibliotekanauki.pl

PL EN


2022 | 20 | 1/2022 (95) | 43-66

Article title

Social Entrepreneurship and Entrepreneurial Ecosystems: Do They Fit?

Content

Title variants

PL
Przedsiębiorczość społeczna i ekosystemy przedsiębiorczości: dopasowanie poznawcze

Languages of publication

Abstracts

PL
Cel: w artykule podjęto próbę odpowiedzi na pytanie, w jakim stopniu przedsiębiorczość społeczna wpisuje się w teorię ekosystemu przedsiębiorczości. Celem jest wypełnienie tejże luki badawczej poprzez przedstawienie wniosków z integracyjnego przeglądu wcześniejszych systematycznych przeglądów dostępnych w literaturze dotyczącej ekosystemu przedsiębiorczości. Metodologia: w artykule zastosowano metodykę przeglądu zakresu literatury (scoping review and umbrella review), koncentrując się na dogłębnej analizie wyników uzyskanych w poprzednich przeglądach, przyjmując w ten sposób formę przeglądu mającego na celu rozwój teorii. Wyniki: artykuł przyczynia się do wypełnienia luk w obecnej literaturze na temat przedsiębiorczości społecznej i ekosystemów. Po pierwsze, wskazuje na różne rodzaje podmiotów w ekosystemach przedsiębiorczości społecznej (SEE), których istnienie może sprzyjać przedsiębiorczości społecznej i ułatwiać tworzenie wpływu społecznego. Po drugie, zwraca uwagę na potencjał SEE poprzez zwrócenie uwagi na fakt, że produktywny ekosystem przedsiębiorczości (EE) skutkuje tworzeniem miejsc pracy i zmniejszeniem bezrobocia, a oba te czynniki mają kluczowe znaczenie dla przedsiębiorczości społecznej. Po trzecie, w wyniku przeprowadzonego przeglądu literatury proponujemy rozwinięcie modelu ekosystemu przedsiębiorczości D. Isenberga, które można postrzegać jako wkład do istniejącej wiedzy w tej dziedzinie. Ograniczenia/implikacje badawcze: artykuł ma pewne ograniczenia typowe dla badań opartych na przeglądzie literatury. Oryginalność/wartość: szczególną wartość opracowania można dostrzec w samym przeglądzie literatury przedmiotu. Do tej pory przeprowadzono niewiele badań na temat ekosystemów przedsiębiorczości społecznej, roli ekosystemów przedsiębiorczości w rozwoju przedsiębiorstw społecznych i odwrotnie – roli komponentów „społecznych” w ekosystemach przedsiębiorczości.
EN
Purpose: This paper attempts to answer the question to what extent the entrepreneurial ecosystems theory fits in with the social entrepreneurship phenomenon. The objective is to fill this gap by presenting findings from an integrative review of prior systematic reviews available in the entrepreneurial ecosystems literature. Design/methodology/approach: In the paper, we apply a scoping review and an umbrella review focused on an in-depth analysis of findings obtained in previous reviews, thus taking the form of a review aiming for theory development. Findings: Our paper contributes to addressing the gaps in the current literature on social entrepreneurship and ecosystems. First, it points to the different types of actors in social entrepreneurial ecosystems (SEE), whose existence may foster social entrepreneurship and facilitate creating social impact. Second, it brings into focus the potential of SEE by drawing attention to the fact that a productive entrepreneurial ecosystem (EE) results in job creation and reduction of unemployment, both of which are crucial for social entrepreneurship. Third, as a result of this scoping review, it proposes an extension of Isenberg’s model of EE which can be seen as a cumulative contribution to existing knowledge in the field. Research limitations/implications: This study has certain limitations typical for reviewing investigations. Originality/value: The special value of the paper can be seen in the scoping literature review itself. So far, there has been limited study on social entrepreneurial ecosystems, the role of entrepreneurial ecosystems in development of social enterprises, and conversely, the role of social “components” in entrepreneurial ecosystems.

Year

Volume

20

Issue

Pages

43-66

Physical description

Dates

published
2022

Contributors

  • Department of Advanced Research in Management, Wroclaw University of Economics and Business, Poland
  • Department of Entrepreneurship and Management Innovation, University of Economics in Katowice, Poland

References

  • Adner, R. (2017). Ecosystem as structure: An actionable construct for strategy. Journal of Management, 43(1), 39–58. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206316678451.
  • Alvedalen, J., & Boschma, R. (2017). A critical review of entrepreneurial ecosystems research: Towards a future research agenda. European Planning Studies, 25(6), 887– 903. https://doi.org/10.1080/09654313.2017.1299694.
  • Aromataris, E., Fernandez, R., Godfrey, C. M., Holly, C., Khalil, H., & Tungpunkom, P. (2015). Summarizing systematic reviews: methodological development, conduct and reporting of an umbrella review approach. JBI Evidence Implementation, 13(3), 132–140. https://doi.org/10.1097/XEB.0000000000000055.
  • Austin, J. S., Stevenson, H., & Wei-Skillern, J. (2006). Social and commercial entrepreneurship: Same, different, or both. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 30(1), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2006.00107.x.
  • Bacq, S., Janssen, F., & Kickul, J. (2016). In pursuit of blended value in social entrepreneurial ventures: An empirical investigation. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 23(2), 316–332. https://doi.org/10.1108/JSBED-04-2015-0047.
  • Baumol, W. J. (2010). The microtheory of innovative entrepreneurship. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400835225.
  • Bernardino, S., Santos, J. F., & Ribeiro, J. C. (2019). Social entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial ecosystems: An empirical examination. In L. C. Carvalho (Ed.), Handbook of research on entrepreneurial ecosystems and social dynamics in a globalized world (pp. 181–210). IGI Global, 2018. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-8182-6. ch009.
  • Bielefeld, W. (2009). Issues in social enterprise and social entrepreneurship. Journal of Public Affairs Education, 15(1), 69–86. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/ stable/40215838. https://doi.org/10.1080/15236803.2009.12001544.
  • Bouncken, R. B., & Kraus, S. (2021). Entrepreneurial ecosystems in an interconnected world: Emergence, governance and digitalization. Review of Managerial Science. https:// doi.org/10.1007/s11846-021-00444-1.
  • Bull, M., & Crompton, H. (2006). Business practices in social enterprises. Social Enterprise Journal, 2(1), 42–60. https://doi.org/10.1108/17508610680000712.
  • Cameron, H. (2012) Social entrepreneurs in the social innovation ecosystem. In A. Nicholls & A. Murdock (Eds.), Social innovation. London: Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi. org/10.1057/9780230367098_9.
  • Cao, Z., & Shi, X. (2021). A systematic literature review of entrepreneurial ecosystems in advanced and emerging economies. Small Business Economics, 57(1), 75–110. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-020-00326-y.
  • Cavallo, A., Ghezzi, A., & Balocco, R. (2019). Entrepreneurial ecosystem research: Present debates and future directions. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 15(4), 1291–1321. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-018-0526-3.
  • Chen, J., Cai, L., Bruton, G. D., & Sheng, N. (2020). Entrepreneurial ecosystems: What we know and where we move as we build an understanding of China. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 32(5–6), 370–388. https://doi.org/10.1080/08985626.2019.16 40438.
  • Cohen, B. (2006). Sustainable valley entrepreneurial ecosystems. Business Strategy and the Environment, 15(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.428.
  • Cooney, K. (2011). An exploratory study of social purpose business models in the United States. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 40(1), 185–196. https://doi. org/10.1177/0899764009351591.
  • Dacin, M. T., Dacin, P. A., & Tracey, P. (2011). Social entrepreneurship: A critique and future directions. Organization Science, 22(5), 1203–1213. https://doi.org/10.1287/ orsc.1100.0620.
  • Davies, I. A., Haugh, H., & Chambers, L. (2019). Barriers to social enterprise growth. Journal of Small Business Management, 57(4), 1616–1636. https://doi.org/10.1111/ jsbm.12429.
  • De Brito, S., & Leitão, J. (2021). Mapping and defining entrepreneurial ecosystems: A systematic literature review. Knowledge Management Research & Practice, 19(1), 21–42. https://doi.org/10.1080/14778238.2020.1751571.
  • Dean, T. J., & McMullen, J. S. (2007). Toward a theory of sustainable entrepreneurship: Reducing environmental degradation through entrepreneurial action. Journal of Business Venturing, 22, 50–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2005.09.003.
  • Dees, J. G., & Battle Anderson, B. (2006). Framing a theory of entrepreneurship: Building on two schools of practice and thought. ARNOVA Occasional Paper Series: Research on Social Entrepreneurship: Understanding and Contributing to an Emerging Field, 1(3), 39–66.
  • Defourny, J., & Nyssens, M. (Eds.). (2021). Social enterprise in Central and Eastern Europe: Theory, models and practice. London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429324529.
  • Defourny, J., Nyssens M., & Brolis, O. (2021). Testing social enterprise models across the world: Evidence from the “International Comparative Social Enterprise Models (ICSEM) Project”. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 50(2), 420–440. https:// doi.org/10.1177/0899764020959470.
  • Diaz Gonzalez, A., & Dentchev, N. A. (2021). Ecosystems in support of social entrepreneurs: A literature review. Social Enterprise Journal, 17(3), 329–360. https:// doi.org/10.1108/SEJ-08-2020-0064.
  • Fernandes, A. J., & Ferreira, J. J. (2021). Entrepreneurial ecosystems and networks: A literature review and research agenda. Review of Managerial Science, 1–59. https:// doi.org/10.1007/s11846-020-00437-6.
  • George, G., Howard-Grenville, J., Joshi, A., & Tihanyi, L. (2016). Understanding and tackling societal grand challenges through management research. Academy of Management Journal, 59(6), 1880–1895. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2016.4007.
  • Grieco, C. (2015). Assessing social impact of social enterprises. Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-15314-8.
  • Gries, T., & Naudé, W. (2011). Entrepreneurship and human development: A capability approach. Journal of Public Economics, 3(1), 216–224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. jpubeco.2010.11.008
  • Hoogendoorn, B, Pennings, H.P.G, & Thurik, A.R. (2010). What do we know about social entrepreneurship: An analysis of empirical research (No. ERS-2009-044-ORG). ERIM Report Series Research in Management, 1–42. Erasmus Research Institute of Management.
  • Hossain, S., Saleh, M. A., & Drennan, J. (2017). A critical appraisal of the social entrepreneurship paradigm in an international setting: A proposed conceptual framework. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 13(2), 347–368. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-016-0400-0.
  • Hota, P. K., Subramanian, B., & Narayanamurthy, G. (2020). Mapping the intellectual structure of social entrepreneurship research: A citation/co-citation analysis. Journal of Business Ethics, 166, 89–114. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-019-04129-4.
  • Howaldt, J., Kaletka, C., & Schröder, A. (2016). Social entrepreneurs: Important actors within an ecosystem of social innovation. European Public & Social Innovation Review, 1(2), 95–110. https://doi.org/10.31637/epsir.16-2.4.
  • Isenberg, D (2010). How to start an entrepreneurial revolution. Harvard Business Review, 88(6) 40–51.
  • Kabbaj, M., El Ouazzani Ech Hadi K., Elamrani, J., & Lemtaoui, M. (2016). A study of the social entrepreneurship ecosystem: The case of Morocco. Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship, 21(04), 1650021. https://doi.org/10.1142/S1084946716500217.
  • Kang, Q., Li, H., Cheng, Y., & Kraus, S. (2021). Entrepreneurial ecosystems: Analysing the status quo. Knowledge Management Research & Practice, 19(1), 8–20. https://doi. org/10.1080/14778238.2019.1701964.
  • Klimas, P., & Czakon, W. (2021). Species in the wild: a typology of innovation ecosystems. Rev Manag Science. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11846-020-00439-4.
  • Kobylińska, U., & Lavios, J. J. (2020). Development of research on the university entrepreneurship ecosystem: Trends and areas of interest of researchers based on a systematic review of literature. Oeconomia Copernicana, 11(1), 117–133. https:// doi.org/10.24136/oc.2020.005.
  • Kuratko, D. F., Fisher, G., Bloodgood, J. M., & Hornsby, J. S. (2017). The paradox of new venture legitimation within an entrepreneurial ecosystem. Small Business Economics, 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-017-9870-x.
  • Liguori, E., Bendickson, J., Solomon, S., & McDowell, W. C. (2019). Development of a multi-dimensional measure for assessing entrepreneurial ecosystems. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 31(1–2), 7–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/08985626.2018.1537144.
  • Malecki, E. J. (2018). Entrepreneurs, networks, and economic development: A review of recent research. In J. A. Katz & A. C. Corbett (Eds.), Reflections and extensions on key papers of the first twenty-five years of advances: Vol. 2. Advances in entrepreneurship, firm emergence and growth (pp. 71–116). Bingley: Emerald Publishing Limited. https:// doi.org/10.1108/S1074-754020180000020010.
  • Manolopoulos, D., Salavou, H., Papadopoulos, A., & Xenakis, M. (2022). Strategic decision-making and performance in social enterprises: Process dimensions and the influence of entrepreneurs’ proactive personality. Entrepreneurship Research Journal. https://doi.org/10.1515/erj-2021-0147.
  • Markman, G. D., Waldron, T. L., Gianiodis, P. T., & Espina, M. I. (2019). E pluribus unum: Impact entrepreneurship as a solution to grand challenges. Academy of Management Perspectives, 33(4), 371–382. https://doi.org/10.5465/amp.2019.0130.
  • Maroufkhani, P., Wagner, R., & Wan Ismail, W.K. (2018). Entrepreneurial ecosystems: A systematic review. Journal of Enterprising Communities: People and Places in the Global Economy, 12(4), 545–564. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEC-03-2017-0025.
  • Mason, C., & Brown, R. (2014). Entrepreneurial ecosystems and growth-oriented entrepreneurship. Proceedings of workshop on Entrepreneurial Ecosystems and Growth Oriented Entrepreneurship. The Hague, Netherlands. Retrieved from http://www.oecd. org/cfe/leed/Entrepreneurial-ecosystems.pdf.
  • Mazzei, M., & Steiner, A. (2021). What about efficiency? Exploring perceptions of current social enterprise support provision in Scotland. Geoforum, 118, 38–46. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2020.12.002.
  • McMullen, J. S. (2011). Delineating the domain of development entrepreneurship: A market-based approach to facilitating inclusive economic growth. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 35, 185–193. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2010.00428.x.
  • McMullen, J.S. (2018). Organizational hybrids as biological hybrids: Insights for research on the relationship between social enterprise and the entrepreneurial ecosystem. Journal of Business Venturing, 33(5), 575–590. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. jbusvent.2018.06.001.
  • Molyneaux, D. (2004). Accountability and volunteers at social businesses: A role for ethical checklists. Business Ethics: A European Review, 13(1), 14–25. https://doi. org/10.1111/j.1467-8608.2004.00345.x.
  • Moore, J. F. (1996) The death of competition: Leadership and strategy in the age of business ecosystems. Harper Business.
  • Mujahid, S., Mubarik, S., & Naghavi, N. (2019). Prioritizing dimensions of entrepreneurial ecosystem: A proposed framework. Journal of Global Entrepreneurship Research, 9(1), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40497-019-0176-0.
  • Munn, Z., Peters, M. D., Stern, C., Tufanaru, C., McArthur, A., & Aromataris, E. (2018). Systematic review or scoping review? Guidance for authors when choosing between a systematic or scoping review approach. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 18(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12874-018-0611-x.
  • Muñoz, P., & Dimov, D. (2015.). The call of the whole in understanding the development of sustainable ventures. Journal of Business Venturing, 30(4), 632–654. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2014.07.012
  • Neumeyer, X., Santos, S. C., & Morris, M. H. (2019). Who is left out: Exploring social boundaries in entrepreneurial ecosystems?. The Journal of Technology Transfer, 44(2), 462–484. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10961-018-9694-0.
  • Nicolopolou, K. (2014). Social entrepreneurship between cross-currents: Toward a framework for theoretical restructuring of the field. Journal of Small Business Management, 52(4), 678–702. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsbm.12130.
  • Nicotra, M., Romano, M., Del Giudice, M., & Schillaci, C. E. (2018). The causal relation between entrepreneurial ecosystem and productive entrepreneurship: A measurement framework. The Journal of Technology Transfer, 43(3), 640–673. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s10961-017-9628-2.
  • North, D. C. (2017). Institutions, institutional change and economic performance. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Okano, M. T. (2019). Social enterprise in the current context: A systematic review of the last 10 years. Journal on Innovation and Sustainability RISUS, 10(2), 109–122. https://doi.org/10.23925/2179-3565.2019v10i2p109-122.
  • Pache, A.-C., & Thornton, P. H. (2021). Hybridity and institutional logics. In M. L. Besharov & B. C. Mitzinneck (Eds.), Organizational hybridity: Perspectives, processes, promises: Vol. 69. Research in the sociology of organizations (pp. 29–52). Bingley: Emerald Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.1108/S0733-558X20200000069002.
  • Paul, J., & Criado, A. R. (2020). The art of writing literature review: What do we know and what do we need to know?. International Business Review, 29(4), 101717. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.ibusrev.2020.101717.
  • Petrella, F., & Richez-Battesti, N. (2014). Social entrepreneur, social entrepreneurship and social enterprise: Semantics and controversies. Journal of Innovation Economics & Management, 14, 143–156. https://doi.org/10.3917/jie.014.0143.
  • Pham, M. T., Rajić, A., Greig, J. D., Sargeant, J. M., Papadopoulos, A., & McEwen, S. A. (2014). A scoping review of scoping reviews: advancing the approach and enhancing the consistency. Research Synthesis Methods, 5(4), 371–385. https://doi. org/10.1002/jrsm.1123.
  • Ridley-Duff, R. (2007). Communitarian perspectives on social enterprise. Corporate Governance: An International Review, 15(2), 382–392. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467- 8683.2007.00568.x.
  • Robinson, J. (2006). Navigating social and institutional barriers to markets: How social entrepreneurs identify and evaluate opportunities. In K. Hockerts, J. Mair, & J. Robinson (Eds.), Social entrepreneurship (pp. 95–120). Palgrave Macmillan UK. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230625655_7.
  • Roundy, P. T. (2017). Social entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial ecosystems: Complementary or disjointed phenomena?. International Journal of Social Economics, 44(9), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSE-02-2016-0045.
  • Roy, M. J., & Hazenberg, R. (2019). An evolutionary perspective on social entrepreneurship ‘ecosystems’. In A. De Bruin & S. Teasdale (Eds.), A research agenda for social entrepreneurship (pp. 13–22). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd. https://doi. org/10.4337/9781788972321.00006.
  • Roy, M. J., McHugh, N., Huckfield, L., Kay, A., & Donaldson, C. (2015). The most supportive environment in the world? Tracing the development of an institutional ‘ecosystem’ for social enterprise. Voluntas, 26(3), 777–800. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s11266-014-9459-9.
  • Rumrill, P. D., Fitzgerald, S. M., & Merchant, W. R. (2010). Using scoping literature reviews as a means of understanding and interpreting existing literature. Work, 35(3), 399–404. Reading, Mass. https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-2010-0998.
  • Salavou, H., & Cohen, S. (2021). Towards a typology of social enterprises based on performance: Some new evidence. Journal of Social Entrepreneurship, 12(3), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/19420676.2020.1718743.
  • Santos, F., Pache, A., & Birkholz, Ch. (2015). Making hybrids work: Aligning business models and organizational design for social enterprises. California Management Review, 57(3), 36–58. https://doi.org/10.1525/cmr.2015.57.3.36.
  • Schaper, M. (2002). The essence of ecopreneurship. Greener Management International, 38, 26–30. https://doi.org/10.9774/GLEAF.3062.2002.su.00004.
  • Schmitz, B. (2015). Social entrepreneurship, social innovation, and social mission organizations: Toward a conceptualization. In Cnaan, Ram A. (Ed.), Cases in innovative nonprofits: Organizations that make a difference (pp. 17–42). Los Angeles, California: Sage. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781483398082.n4.
  • Sharir, M., & Lerner, M. (2006). Gauging the success of social ventures initiated by individual social entrepreneurs. Journal of World Business, 41(1), 6–20. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.jwb.2005.09.004.
  • Shepherd, D. A., & Patzelt, H. (2011). The new field of sustainable entrepreneurship: Studying entrepreneurial action linking “what is to be sustained” with “what is to be developed”. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 35, 137–163. https://doi.org/10.1111/ j.1540-6520.2010.00426.x.
  • Sinclair, S., Mazzei, M., Baglioni, S., & Roy, M. J. (2018). Social innovation, social enterprise, and local public services: Undertaking transformation?. Social Policy & Administration, 52(7), 1317–1331. https://doi.org/10.1111/spol.12389.
  • Spigel, B. (2015). The relational organization of entrepreneurial ecosystems. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 41(1), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1111/etap.12167.
  • Stam, E. (2015) Entrepreneurial ecosystems and regional policy: A sympathetic critique. European Planning Studies, 23(9), 1759–1769. https://doi.org/10.1080/09654313.2015 .1061484.
  • Stam, E., & Spigel, B. (2017). Entrepreneurial ecosystems. In R. Blackburn, D. De Clercq, J. Heinonen, & Z. Wang (Eds.), The SAGE handbook of small business and entrepreneurship. London: SAGE. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781473984080.n21.
  • Tansley, A. J. (1935). The use and abuse of vegetational concepts and terms. Ecology, 16, 284–307. https://doi.org/10.2307/1930070.
  • Theodoraki, C., Messeghem, K., & Rice, M. P. (2018). A social capital approach to the development of sustainable entrepreneurial ecosystems: An explorative study. Small Business Economics, 51(1), 153–170. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-017-9924-0.
  • Thompson, T. A., Purdy, J. M., & Ventresca, M. J. (2018). How entrepreneurial ecosystems take form: Evidence from social impact initiatives in Seattle. Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, 12(1), 96–116. https://doi.org/10.1002/sej.1285.
  • Tracey, P., Phillips, N., & Haugh, H. (2005). Beyond philanthropy: community enterprise as a basis for corporate citizenship. Journal of Business Ethics, 58(4), 327–344. https:// doi.org/10.1007/s10551-004-6944-x.
  • Tsujimoto, M., Kajikawa, Y., Tomita, J., & Matsumoto, Y. (2018). A review of the ecosystem concept - Towards coherent ecosystem design. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 136, 49–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2017.06.032.
  • Villegas-Mateos, A., & Vázquez-Maguirre, M. (2020). Social entrepreneurial ecosystems: A regional perspective of Mexico. International Journal of Entrepreneurship, 24(1), 1–19.
  • Vogel, P. (2013). The employment outlook for youth: Building entrepreneurial ecosystems as a way forward. Conference Proceedings of the G20 Youth Forum 2013, St. Petersburg, Russia.
  • Volkmann, C., Fichter, K., Klofsten, M., & Audretsch, D. B. (2021). Sustainable entrepreneurial ecosystems: An emerging field of research. Small Business Economics, 56(3), 1047–1055. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-019-00253-7.
  • Wronka-Pośpiech, M. (2018). Exploring failure among social entrepreneurs – Evidence from Poland. International Journal of Contemporary Management, 17(1), 269–285. https://doi.org/10.4467/24498939IJCM.18.015.8394.
  • Wurth, B., Stam, E., & Spigel, B. (2021). Toward an entrepreneurial ecosystem research program. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practic. https://doi. org/10.1177/1042258721998948.
  • Zahra, S. A., & Wright, M. (2016). Understanding the social role of entrepreneurship. Journal of Management Studies, 53(4), 610–629. https://doi.org/10.1111/joms.12149.
  • Zhang, J. Z., & Watson IV, G. F. (2020). Marketing ecosystem: An outside-in view for sustainable advantage. Industrial Marketing Management, 88, 287–304. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2020.04.023.

Document Type

Publication order reference

Identifiers

Biblioteka Nauki
2095897

YADDA identifier

bwmeta1.element.ojs-doi-10_7172_1644-9584_95_2
JavaScript is turned off in your web browser. Turn it on to take full advantage of this site, then refresh the page.