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EN
Using the travel accounts of specific figures of Croatian romanticism, this article analyzes the relationship between travel writing and personal writing (travel journals, correspondence) and the ideologies of unification and revival that were widespread in Croatia at the time. This article demonstrates the formal and ideological subordination of the actual journeys (travel) and their published accounts (travel writing) to the overarching objective of creating a new Croatian nation, language, and literature. Nineteenth-century Slavophilia shaped the perspectives authors brought to the lands they traveled, compelling them to take on the role of ethnographer and advocate for all aspects that seem Slavic, Croatian, or at all related to folk heritage. Metatextual passages in these texts speak directly to the given text’s function and poetics, demonstrating the notion that this genre was understood in cognitive and utilitarian terms.
PL
Na przykładzie relacji podróżniczych wybranych przedstawicieli chorwackiego romantyzmu w artykule analizowane są zależności między podróżopisarstwem i intymistyką (dziennik podróży, listy z podróży) a dominującymi w tym czasie w Chorwacji ideami wspólnotowymi oraz odrodzeniowymi. Artykuł pokazuje formalne i ideowe podporządkowanie samych wypraw (podróży) oraz publikowanych opisów (podróżopisarstwa) nadrzędnym celom kreacji nowego chorwackiego narodu, nowego języka, nowej literatury. Dziewiętnastowieczne słowianofilstwo zdominowało perspektywę oglądu odwiedzanych terytoriów, spowodowało wejście podróżnika w rolę etnografa i apologety wszystkiego, co słowiańskie, chorwackie, ludowe. Metatekstualne fragmenty dzieł poświęcone zagadnieniom poetyki i funkcji danego tekstu dokumentują postrzeganie gatunku w kategoriach poznawczych, pośredniczących, utylitarnych.
EN
Carnival with the dead (Miroslav Krleža: Kraljevo) Kraljevo, a one-act play written by Miroslav Krleža in 1915, is a representation of “carnival” events accompanying a church fair day in the cathedral of St. Stephen in Zagreb. Among the participants of the fair party, are the suicides condemned to eternal wandering between the worlds of the dead and of the living. The article’s goal is to reflect on the function of death’s anthropomorphization in the expressionistic image of Zagreb society. Krleža exposes how loftiness is replaced with base erotic instincts, and reveals that when society is immersed in medieval rituals, what results is a cannibalistic vision of (non)reality of hell, which serves to render Zagreb at the beginning of the 20th century. The author’s carnival with the dead reverses values, orders, and hierarchies, and undermines at least three essential components of identification: ludic tradition derived from local folklore, Catholic pathos, and Croatian patriotism.
PL
Karnawał ze zmarłymi (Miroslav Krleža: Kraljevo) Jednoaktówka Mirosława Krležy z 1915 roku, zatytułowana Kraljevo, jest zapisem „karnawałowych” wydarzeń towarzyszących dniu odpustu w zagrzebskiej Katedrze świętego Stefana. W jarmarcznej zabawie uczestniczą samobójcy skazani na wieczne błądzenie pomiędzy światami żywych i umarłych. Celem artykułu jest namysł nad funkcją antropomorfizacji śmierci w ekspresjonistycznym obrazie zagrzebskiego społeczeństwa. Krleža pokazuje wzniosłość zastąpioną przez niskie erotyczne popędy, społeczeństwo zanurzone w średniowiecznych rytuałach, rysuje kanibaliczną (nie)rzeczywistość piekła — Zagrzebia początku XX wieku. Krležiański karnawał ze zmarłymi odwraca wartości, porządki i hierarchie, a także podważa co najmniej trzy istotne elementy identyfikacyjne: ludyczną tradycję wyrastającą z folkloru, katolicki patos i chorwacki patriotyzm.
EN
The images arising from Croatian poetry after World War II document the experience of a strict connection between the lyrical I and the territory it lives on. The separate group is created by the most far-stretching texts i.e. relating to the bodily union that enables mutual permeation of a man and the world. The somatization process of the surrounding world and subsuquently of the perceptible mutual corporeality embraces the bodily communion with the universe (Ivan Rogić Nehajev) with the Earth (in Ivan Slamming’s texts in relation to the archetype of the Eternal Mother and Zlatko Tomčić’s the Earth’s personification), with the land (Ivan Rogić Nehajev), with the town (Kornelija Pandžić and Delimir Rešicki) or the concetpions of all-human and universal bodily union devouring itself. Creating the images of mutual corporeality, the visions of human resembling spaces, the authors simultaneously formulate a statement regarding the current situation and historical events. The body of the lyrical I becomes a strategy of the world’s penetration, the permeation into its structures and a text informing about the world, the material on which a token of time is stamped.
EN
In the centre of the article’s interest, there are the expressionist ideas present in the work by Croatian writer from the inter-war period (1893–1941). The mini-novel/novella in question entitled Tonkina jedina ljubav (1931) is considered the work belonging to the epoch of the new/social realism which dominated in the 1930s, however, the author, as is shown on the basis of the article’s research, did not managed to free himself from influence of expressionism that shaped the most Croatian consciousness as for the avant-garde historical time (1910–1930). Focusing attention on a disabled woman along with her small-town environment of Zagreb before the World War I, the author draws her exaggerated, cartoonish portrait which has little to do with the realistic and mimetic reflection of reality. The work is a kind of aesthetic and ethical provocation, and serves as unmasking the idyllic image of Zagreb which turns out to be a city inhabited by intolerant and narrow-minded society convinced, however, of its civilisation superiority. The titular character is a victim of this society, and at the same time she remains its part. The aesthetic and ethical provocation concerns the disabled woman together with „inefficient” society living in the terrifying city.
EN
One of the distinctive traits of Romantic literature was its frenetic feverishness and frightening otherness, the embodiment of which was, among many other beings, the vampire. This character in neo-Romantic contexts was sometimes invoked by the representatives of Croatian poetry of the late twentieth century. However, in its different currents it performed a different task. War and martyrdom poetry collected in the anthology “U ovom strašnom času” used the specter for the creation of a portrait of the enemy, while using the familiar clichés of Renaissance variant of Croatian romanticism. Branko Maleš’ vampiric themes merge into an indivisible whole with references to contemporary consumerism and co-create an ironic self-portrait of a postmodern neo-Romanticist. Maleš reaches for the themes of romantic strangeness and deconstructs them in a ludic manner.
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PL
WOKÓŁ SERBSKIEJ FANTASTYKI
EN
In the novel entitled The Better Half of Courage, Ivan Slamnig elaborates on two types of narrative namely, a traditional internal story derived from the poetics of realism and a postmodern frame story streaked with the elements of the jeans prose. In the article, culinary motifs presented in both narratives are taken into consideration in order to expose their function in Slamnig’s novel. The article also tries to answer the question whether the dietary code is subordinated to the both forms of discourse. The analysis of the culinary themes reveals a process of braking off with tradition in the so-called traditional narrative, and attempts of retaining tradition in the postmodern narrative. In consequence, an apparently traditional modern pilgrim, who does not respect the order of traditional rituals and remains cautious in his consumption behaviour, turns out to be condemned to painful results of his choices while a postmodern vagrant as an unfulfilled consumer-glutton keeps drawing from tradition as well as from the present day what provides him with various pleasures. Furthermore, the analysis of the culinary code of the novel allows the authoress to confirm a thesis on the presence of postmodern effects in the both “parts” of the novel.
EN
Adolfo Veber Tkalčević (1825–1889) a Croatian philologist, writer, passionate traveler and a Catholic clergyman is the author of the first Croatian account of the travel to the Croatian “Lake District” Put na Plitvice (Road to Plitvice, 1860). As a travel narrative, this book has a “worldbuilding” potential, introducing the Plitvice Lakes to Croatian culture, to the national landscape. In this article, I focus on the culinary theme of the trip. One of its side goals was savouring the trouts, but throughout the entire trip the tables of wanderers did not want to fill with them, offering the text-forming abundance instead. The journey “around the empty table” is a kind of self-portrait of “explorers” ready for a “heroic” attitude for the common good. Bearing in mind the specificity of Croatian Romanticism, which this work represents, I read the text in a cultural, anthropological and identity context, referring to the classics of discourse, and devoting less attention to travel studies.
PL
In the article, the image of Polish democracy/autocracy during the Second Republic has been reconstructed. The subject of the analysis were the autobiographical notes entitled Osam godina u Varšavi written by Julije Benešić who stayed in Warsaw in the years 1930–1938 as a delegate of the Yugoslavian Department of Eductaion and Science. From his currently updated notes, a picture of Poland emerged as a state in which the basic civil rights were regularly broken including those guaranteed by the Constitution. The most glaring examples of the non-democratic actions regarded the problems of the national minorities (specifically the Polish-Ukrainian and Polish-Jewish relationships) as well as the prisons for the political opponents (Bereza Kartuska and Brześć). What is more, the observations made by the Croatian translator, writer and linguist illuminate in the form of interesting conotations the Polish mentality.
EN
Put na Plitvice (The Road to Plitvice, 1860) is the first of the travelogue in Croatian language describing an expedition to the Croatian Lake District. The work of art is of significant “world-creating” and “culture-creating” value, introducing the Plitvice Lakes into the Croatian national text and into the national landscape, hence the biblical allusion in the title. It will therefore be a world-creating narrative, of bringing into existence and therefore giving a symbolic dimension of the work of art.I focus on the landscape-painting aspects of the text, understanding landscape as the manner of constructing and formulating the world, as a way of perceiving and incorporating it into cultural traditions. It is therefore rough, monumental, wild like a traversed space, which should be included in the category of picturesque and sublimity. Veber’s representation of nature illustrates how it was seen at the time within the framework of the national-revival programmes
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