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Basic Indices Concerning the Implementation of Survey

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Piechór E., Manikowski A., Mossakowska M., Zdrojewski T.

Polityka Społeczna

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2011

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vol. 38

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issue special issue: MEDICAL, PSYCHOLOGICAL, SOCIOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF AGEING IN POLAND. POLSENIOR

7-12

EN

The level of sample execution was different in relation to the size of the town and urban vs. rural location (from 78% in cities >500 tys. to 102-104% in villages and small towns), and province (from 80-84% in Mazowiecki and Dolnośląski to 115%-137% in Podlaski, Lubelski and Świętokrzyski province). Warsaw (66%) was the most difficult place in the whole country to recruit respondents. Differences in the level of sample execution in relation to gender (males 97%; females 93%) and age of the examined subjects (from 84%-90% in youngest and oldest to 109% in the cohort of 70 to74 years of age) were much smaller. Thirty seven percent of all randomly chosen subjects (n=15574) were finally recruited to the PolSenior Project. The response rate counted as percentage of those subjects who were examined to the number of all who were randomly selected with correct addresses was equal to 43% (in females 42%, in males 43%). It differed significantly between provinces (from 32% to 61%) and in relation to size of town and urban vs. rural location (from 27% to 59%), with similar trends as observed at the level of sample execution analysis. The response rate estimated as percentage of all subjects who were actually eligible for nurses at their homes was equal to 49%. Those who refused to participate did so because they were not interested in the subject of the study or they were not able to see any benefits. The other reasons for refusal were: mistrust and fear, lack of time, and the fact that respondents claimed that they knew the current status of their health. In a special substudy we followed up and examined subjects who refused and compared them to those who took part in the survey (altogether 330 subjects). The characteristics of the subjects who refused did not differ in terms of socio-demographic features, but they presented slightly worse self assessment of their health, economic position and some parameters assessing everyday functioning.

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Badania epidemiologiczne i działania interwencyjne dotyczące palenia tytoniu w Polskim Projekcie 400 Miast

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Zdrojewski T., Wierucki Ł., Balwicki Ł., Rutkowski M.

Zdrowie Publiczne i Zarządzanie

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2009

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vol. 7

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issue 2

PL

Epidemiological survey and antitobacco intervention in Polish 400 Cities ProjecCardiovascular diseases (CVD) represent the principal cause of death in Poland. The main reasons are high prevalence and low detectability of main risk factors: arterial hypertension, diabetes and hyprelipidaemia. Also smoking is one of the main CVD risk factor. Polish 400 Cities Project consists of the following modules: 1. social marketing preceding screening tests and education,2. medical intervention – screening tests,3. education for local leaders regarding health promotion and CVD prevention,4. antitobacco intervention,5. educational intervention for children: training program for teachershealth promotion among pupils,6. training programs for doctors and nurses,7. education for patients with newly-detected diseases.Antitobacco module contains the following interventions:1) social marketing via mass media,2) education among children in schools,3) education for smoking patients with newly-detected diseases,4) training program for doctors: treatment of nicotinism,5) training program for local representatives: elaboration of local antitobacco program,6) in 2006 new module – antitobacco intervention for pregnant women.In years 2003–2006 screening tests were performer among 92378 adults. Tobacco smoking was reported by 12.3% of woman and 21.9% of men, mainly in the age group 25–45 (W 21.1%; M 28.5%). Data from intervention among children show that among 24,005 ten years old boys and girls, 5.7% girls and 12.8% boys say “yes” for the question “have you ever smoke” in the questionnaire interview. In years 2006–2008 the main antitobacco module was antitobacco intervention for pregnant women. The purpose of the research was to measure phenomenon of active and passive smoking among pregnant women in the smallest cities with surrounding villages. The aim was also to trace social features associated with smoking and develop the strategy for future antitabacco interventions. The research was conducted along with intervention based on American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists 5 A’s model tailored for pregnant women adjusted to Polish organizational limitations. The model include 1) asking about tobacco smoking during every contact with pregnant women, 2) advising not to smoke or avoid passive exposure, 3) assessing the determination to make a quit attempt, 4) assist with the trial, 5) arrange next meeting with the focus on the problem. During the research 919 pregnant women were questioned and examined with micro Co device. Among that number were 22% of active smokers and 31% exposed on passive smoking in their home or work. The prevalence of smoking were higher among lower educated – 46% of women with only primary school compared with 7% of women with university diploma. Smoking was more frequent among women with lower per capita personal income. 80% of smoking pregnant women were motivated to make a quit attempt.

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The prevalence of dyspnea in the adult Polish population

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Undrunas A., Bandosz P., Rutkowski M., Puch-Walczak A., Kuziemski K., Zdrojewski T.

International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health

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2022

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vol. 35

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issue 6

747-752

EN

Objectives Dyspnea is one of the most predominant symptom in clinical practice. There is a lack of data about incidents of dyspnea among Polish adults therefore it would be important to establish prevalence of this symptom before COVID-19 pandemic to assess the impact of this infection on the functioning of the adult Polish population in the future. The aim of the study was to establish prevalence of dyspnea in adult Polish population. Material and Methods It was an observational-cross-sectional study, with representative sample of adult Poles aged 18–79 years. The 2413 participants were surveyed. Responders were asked if and when dyspnea occurs and what is its severity in relation to one of four categories (A, B, C, and D) describing the impact of dyspnea on reduced exercise tolerance and daily activities. Results The 67.1% of the respondents answered negatively to all question about experiencing dyspnea (females (F) 61% vs. males (M) 74%, p < 0.05). Dyspnea only during intense physical exertion (A), was reported by 22.8% (F 26.2% vs. M 19.2%, p = 0.07). Dyspnea limiting daily activities (B, C and D) was reported by 10.1% (F 13.1% vs. M 7%, p < 0.05). Significant differences in the severity of dyspnea were found between the age groups. People diagnosed with chronic heart failure or lung diseases significantly more often reported dyspnea than people without these conditions. Conclusions Every tenth Pole reported dyspnea limiting performing activities of daily living. Additionally, about 20% of Poles experienced dyspnea considered as "gray area," only during intense physical exertion, that requires deepening and clarifying the medical history.

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Ocena postępowania w zespole uzależnienia od tytoniu (ZUT) w podstawowej opiece zdrowotnej (POZ). Wyniki ogólnopolskiego badania zrealizowanego w ramach Programu Ministerstwa Zdrowia POLKARD

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Szafraniec K., Pająk A., Cichocka I., Frejek M., Broda G., Drygas W., Gąsior Z., Grodzicki T., Zdrojewski T.

Zdrowie Publiczne i Zarządzanie

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2009

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vol. 7

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issue 2

PL

Evaluation the effectiveness of primary care in professional assistance for smoking patientsAbout 40% of men and 25% of women in Poland are smokers and smoking causes approximately 50 000 premature deaths annually. According to the WHO experts, a tobacco cessation short intervention program provided by primary care physicians is one of the most important prevention measures. In 2004 National Cardiovascular Disease Prevention Program was launched as a procedure funded by National Health Funds (NFZ), which included the identification of smokers, assessment and treatment of smoking habit. In 2007, the Polish Forum of Prevention issued guidelines that can serve as an effective framework for tobacco cessation intervention in primary care clinics. The aim of this paper is: 1) evaluation the effectiveness of primary care in professional assistance for smoking patients, 2) evaluation of the impact of the NFZ program on frequency of professional consultations on smoking cessation and evaluation of the impact of the NFZ program on smoking prevalence. There were 66 primary care clinics which were recruited to participate the project; 33 clinics participated in NFZ program, the remaining 33 constituted a control group.Random sample of persons at age 35–55 years was selected from all persons registered in each clinic. Eligible for the study were patients free of cvd for whom medical records were available from January 1st 2005 at least. Finally 3940 patients in NFZ clinics, 3162 patients in control clinics were included. For each eligible patient medical records were reviewed and information was collected using a standard questionnaire.All patients were invited for a visit in the clinic. Finally, 2314 persons from the NFZ clinics and 2107 persons from the control clinics participated were examined.That effectiveness of the routine management of smoking cessation in primary care practices was very low. Equally in the NFZ clinics and the control group about 45% of participants were current smokers. Only 15% of patients had recorded information on smoking status in medical documentation and no significant difference between the NFZ clinics and the control group was observed. The NFZ program increased identification of smoking patients (up to about 80%). Physicians and nurses provided advising to 80% and 30% patients, respectively and the other measures to facilitate smoking cessation were used in small proportion of patients. For instance nicotine replacement therapy, including bupropion, was advised to less than 10% of smokers.With the exception to distribution of leaflets which were distributed more frequently in patients of clinics which participated in the NFZ program (22.5%) as compared to control clinics (12.8%), there were no statistical differences in proportion of patients getting professional assistance or other intervention measures between the studied groups. The NFZ program appeared to play important role in identification of smokers. However, the program was not effective enough in treatment of patients addicted to smoking. There is a need to supply the NFZ program by more effective procedure, a kind of structured intervention, which would allow to lower smoking prevalence in primary care patients.

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Epidemiology of physical activity in adult Polish population in the second decade of the 21st century. Results of the NATPOL 2011 study

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Drygas W., Sakłak W., Kwaśniewska M., Bandosz P., Rutkowski M., Bielecki W., Rębowska E., Prusik K., Zdrojewski T.

International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health

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2013

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vol. 26

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issue 6

846-855

EN

Objectives: The aim of the study was to assess physical activity (PA) level in a representative sample of Polish adults.Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional analysis was performed among 2413 randomly selected individuals (51.5% women) aged 18-79 years, who participated in the Nationwide Study of Occurrence of Risk Factors of Cardiovascular Diseases NATPOL 2011 (March-July 2011). The study procedures consisted of a questionnaire as well as of anthropometric, blood pressure and biochemical measurements. Leisure-time, occupational and commuting PA were assessed by the use of a questionnaire interview. Results: About 48.2% of adults do exercise for at least 30 minutes on most days of a week. About 11% of the respondents declare a sedentary lifestyle. About 26.5% of working population report hard physical work, while sedentary work is reported by 47.6% of the employed participants. Active commuting is declared by 27.3% of working/studying population. About 47.2%, 36.6%, and 15.3% spend < 15, 15-30, and > 30 min per day, respectively, on this kind of PA. Conclusions: PA level of more than half of Polish adults is still not satisfactory. Promotion of an active lifestyle should concern mainly leisure-time and commuting PA with paying special attention to substantial differences in various socio-demographic groups.

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The level of knowledge of diabetic prevention in Poland – is there a phenomenon of pluralistic ignorance?

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Pawlak-Sobczak K., Drygas W., Kwaśniewska M., Dziankowska-Zaborszczyk E., Pająk A., Kozakiewicz K., Zdrojewski T., Rutkowski M., Tykarski A., Bielecki W.

International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health

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2021

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vol. 34

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issue 5

667-678

EN

ObjectivesThe main aim of this work is to assess the level of knowledge about diabetes prevention and the consequences of untreated diabetes in the Polish society, as well as to indicate the variables that have a significant impact on that knowledge.Material and MethodsThe analysis is based on the results of the National Multicenter Health Survey – WOBASZ II. The number of subjects surveyed was 6170, including 2760 men and 3410 women, aged 20–74 years. Data on socio-demographic variables, lifestyle and subjective health assessment were collected using the face-to-face technique.ResultsThe results obtained in the WOBASZ II project showed that >85% of the respondents had an unsatisfactory level of knowledge about diabetes prevention methods and approximately to 85% of the respondents – about the consequences of untreated diabetes. Moreover, one-fourth of the respondents were unable to identify a single way of preventing diabetes, and more than one-third could not identify a single disease caused by diabetes. The risk of a lack of knowledge about diabetes prevention and the consequences of untreated diabetes is more common for men, people with a low level of education, not married, non-diabetic, and without diagnosed diabetes in the family.ConclusionsThe presented results indicate that there is an prevailing lack of knowledge about diabetes prevention and the consequences of untreated diabetes in the Polish society. It is associated with several variables like: sex, level of education, age, marital status, subjective health assessment and diabetes diagnosed in the respondent and/or in the respondent’s family.

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Basic Indices Concerning the Implementation of Survey

Badania epidemiologiczne i działania interwencyjne dotyczące palenia tytoniu w Polskim Projekcie 400 Miast

The prevalence of dyspnea in the adult Polish population

Ocena postępowania w zespole uzależnienia od tytoniu (ZUT) w podstawowej opiece zdrowotnej (POZ). Wyniki ogólnopolskiego badania zrealizowanego w ramach Programu Ministerstwa Zdrowia POLKARD

Epidemiology of physical activity in adult Polish population in the second decade of the 21st century. Results of the NATPOL 2011 study

The level of knowledge of diabetic prevention in Poland – is there a phenomenon of pluralistic ignorance?