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Rabunek lubelskiej relikwii Drzewa Krzyża Świętego w 1655 roku oraz jej zwrot do Rzeczypospolitej

100%
Pawłowski A.
Radzyński Rocznik Humanistyczny
|
2014
|
vol. 12
7-21
PL
Niniejszy artykuł jest poświęcony problematyce rabunku Drzewa Krzyża Świętego przez wojska rosyjskie w Lublinie w 1655 roku, a następnie jego tajemniczego (w sensie daty tego wydarzenia) zwrotu do Rzeczypospolitej. Relikwia Drzewa Krzyża Pańskiego przez wieki była przechowywana w lubelskim kościele dominikańskim św. Stanisława. Zrabowana została podczas okupacji miasta przez wojska rosyjsko-kozackie na wniosek Piotra Iwanowicza Potiomkina. Źródła do zajęcia i grabieży Lublina przez Kozaków i Rosjan są liczne, ale bardzo rozbieżne, m. in. w kwestii tego czy całe Drzewo Krzyża Świętego zostało wywiezione na wschód, czy też może tylko jakaś jego część. Brak jest również jasnych przesłanek do tego, aby konkretnie określić datę powrotu relikwii z Rosji do Lublina pomimo, iż dwóch historyków podjęło taką próbę. Skłaniają się oni ku temu, iż był to 1667 rok. Przeczą temu jednak negocjacje i w związku z tym kolejne umowy państwa polsko-litewskiego i Rosji dotyczące zakończenia działań zbrojnych, uregulowania sporów i otwartych spraw np. zwrotu przedmiotów o znaczeniu ekonomicznym i sakralnym. Zagadki powrotu Drzewa Krzyża nie tylko nie rozwiązują współczesne publikacje historyczne, ale również dawni autorzy przebywający w Lublinie (Niemcewicz, Kraszewski) oraz historycy z XIX i 1 poł. XX wieku, którzy – jeśli już podają o rabunku relikwii, a następnie jej powrocie – to ograniczają się jedynie do wzmianek na ten temat bez podania choćby przypuszczanej daty.
EN
This article is dedicated to the issue of the theft of the Holy Cross Wood Relic by the Russian army in Lublin in 1655, and then its mysterious (in terms of the precise date of this event) return to the Republic of Poland. For centuries, the Holy Cross Wood Relic had been kept in St. Stanislaus Dominican Church in Lublin. The relic was stolen during the occupation of the town by the Russian-Cossack forces by the decision of Peter Ivanovitch Potemkin. The sources concerning the seizing and plundering of the city by the Cossacks and Russians are numerous, but they are inconsistent, i.a. when it comes to the fact whether the entire Holy Cross Wood had been transported to the East, or just some part of it. There are also no prerequisites to determine the exact date of the return of the relic from Russia to Lublin, although two historians have made such attempts. They incline towards the assumption that it most probably happened in 1667. However, the negotiations, and following them the agreements between the Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth and Russia aimed to end hostilities, settling all the disputes and unresolved issues, i.e. the return of objects of economic and sacral significance. The mystery of the return of the Holy Cross Wood Relic has not been resolved, not only by contemporary historical publications, but even authors living in Lublin in the past (Niemcewicz, Kraszewski). Also the historians from the 19th and the first half of the 20th century, even if they do mention the theft of the relic and its return, provide only a reference to this event without offering any date, even an assumed one.
2

Ocena jakości dokumentow a nowe media

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Pawłowski A.
Zagadnienia Informacji Naukowej
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2012
|
issue 1(99)
54-69
EN
The article concerns quality evaluation of documents in historical, comparative, and typological perspectives. The author revealed that documents (not only written ones) have been evaluated from the very beginning of a script culture. Nowadays such evaluation is needed in many disciplines and fields, like media and journalism, penal prosecution agencies, museums, and science. However, new media generated significant changes in evaluating processes. The opposition between an original and a copy has vanished, website personalization undermined a typographic system as a stable document’s feature. The article includes also a proposed form of document evaluation.
3

Elektroniczna wersja serii „Język a Kultura” w świetle badań naukometrycznych

100%
Pawłowski A.
Język a Kultura
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2012
|
vol. 23
513 - 544
EN
The paper contains a scientometric analysis of the “Język a Kultura” (Language vs. culture) series which covers 15 volumes including 295 contributions printed in 1991–2000. The number of downloads of the digital copies of particular contributions in the period 2006–2010 was analysed. The total number of downloads exceeds 800,000, but their distribution is very uneven. Several correlations were identified between such variables as the number of downloads on the one hand and the topic, publication date, potential audience and actual needs of students on the other. The research proved that digital platform is much more efficient in scientific communication than printed texts. In the second section of the paper rankings of the most (and the least) often downloaded texts and authors were also presented (totals and for each volume). The results obtained should not be considered as an objective quality measure of a text, but as an auxiliary evaluation tool.
4
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Pejzaż językowy Polski współczesnej: polszczyzna, języki obce, języki mniejszościowe

100%
Pawłowski A.
Poradnik Językowy
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2019
|
vol. 767
|
issue 8
7-27
EN
The situation of contemporary Polish is good. The language develops steadily in favourable legal, educational, scientifi c, and technological environments. The greatest language changes in Poland after 1945 include unprecedented standardisation of the public language. The situation of very few minority languages does not give rise to controversies. The command of foreign languages (particularly English) is increasingly better, which might result in revival ofmultilingualism in Poland.
5
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Pejzaż językowy Polski współczesnej: powrót do przyszłości?

100%
Pawłowski A.
Poradnik Językowy
|
2019
|
vol. 769
|
issue 10
19-34
EN
The situation of the Polish language, approached from the perspective of the today’s language policy, is stable. New phenomena include emancipation of dialects (particularly Silesian ones) and large-scale appearance of languages used by immigrants from the East: Ukrainian, Russian, and Belarusian (including their vernaculars: Surzhyk, Prostorieche, Trasianka). Perhaps the Polish language as realised by such immigrants, that is similar to old varieties of Borderland Polish, will become an integral part of the linguistic landscape of Poland.
6
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„Emirat Kaukaski” – wielki potencjał czy złudzenie siły?

100%
Pawłowski A.
Sprawy Narodowościowe
|
2012
|
issue 41
197-209
EN
The article discusses current problems of many years of fighting in the North Caucasus between Islamic militants of the armed underground, and the troops of the Russian Federation and its constituent republics of the Caucasus. The Mujahideen, led by Dokka Umarov, strive to gain liberation from the domination of Moscow and create their own Koranic state called the “Caucasus Emirate.” In the text the author considers to what extend it is possible to separate the North Caucasus from Russia and turn the area into an independent state. For this purpose, the four elements that make up the state of potential “Emirate” were described: the structure, number of members declared and supporters loosely associated with the organisation of, finance and weapons as well as means of acquiring them. On the basis of the above elements, the author presents the Armed Islamic underground of the Caucasus militants.
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