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EN
Early 2011 brought to the Arab world dynamic socio-political changes referred to as the Arab Spring. In the case of Egypt, a country that relatively quickly got rid of its president, the Arab Spring made a tremendous impact on the economy, so that the country has been for at least several months at the edge of bankruptcy. One of the elements that need to be reformed most urgently is the system of subsidies. On one side it is a huge burden for the state, but on the other hand constitutes a foundation of a fragile social order, which has been challenger anyway in recent months. The article analyses the subsidy system of Egypt, its history, structure and effectiveness, as well as future in the post-revolutionary Egypt.
PL
Na początku 2011 r. świat arabski ogarnęły dynamiczne przemiany polityczno-społeczne, określane zbiorczo jako Arabska Wiosna Ludów. W Egipcie, jednym z państw, w którym stosunkowo szybko doszło do obalenia prezydenta, Arabska Wiosna bardzo silnie odbiła się na gospodarce, sprawiając, że kraj od przynajmniej kilku miesięcy znajduje się na skraju bankructwa. Jednym z elementów, które wymagają najpilniejszej zmiany, jest system subsydiów. Stanowi on z jednej strony znaczne obciążenie dla budżetu państwa, a z drugiej podstawę kruchego ładu społecznego, który i tak w ostatnich miesiącach został wystawiony na próbę. Artykuł omawia egipski system subsydiów, jego historię, strukturę i efektywność, a także przyszłość w porewolucyjnym Egipcie.
EN
The paper analyses the Islamophobic and anti-refugee narratives in Poland through the lens of two different modes of patriotism. These two types of patriotism reflect a great division within Polish society – i.e. between openness and aspiration towards EU and closeness and pride from Polish history. Islamophobic and anti-refugee discourse are powerful tools used in contemporary political discourse by the ruling party, yet they exemplify only one of many layers of the division. The paper starts with setting the framework for Islamophobic discourse in Poland, namely lacking post-colonial reflection and cultural homogeneity. It uses the concept of social imaginary to analyse conflicting discourses on Muslims and refugees on three different examples: use of Polish history for as a source of integration vs. defence against allegations; welcoming refugees as European obligation vs. obligation of EU towards Poland, and endorsing multiculturalism vs. Poland as antemurale christianitatis.
PL
W artykule omówiono rolę państw Bliskiego Wschodu i Afryki Północnej w chińskim projekcie Jednego pasa i jednej drogi ( One Belt One Road, OBOR), który stanowi reaktywację Jedwabnego Szlaku. Analizę usytuowano w kontekście rywalizacji amerykańsko-chińskiej w regionie oraz przewagi konkurencyjnej Chin jako strategicznego partnera państw Bliskiego Wschodu i Afryki Północnej. Podkreślono znaczenie współpracy o charakterze ekonomicznym dla obu stron, która odgrywa kluczową rolę w kształtowaniu OBOR w regionie. Jednym z głównych wniosków analizy jest to, że Chiny są mniej kłopotliwym wizerunkowo partnerem dla państw Bliskiego Wschodu i Afryki Północnej niż Stany Zjednoczone.
EN
The article discusses the role of the countries of the Middle East and North Africa in the Chinese One Belt One Road (OBOR) project, which is the reactivation of the Silk Road. It frames the analysis in the context of the US-Chinese rivalry in the region and China's competitive advantage as a strategic partner of the Middle East and North African countries. The article emphasizes the importance of economic cooperation for both parties, which plays a key role in shaping OBOR in the region. One of the main is that China is a less troubling partner for the countries of the Middle East and North Africa, compared to the United States.
PL
The paper describes the phenomenon of romance tourism through the narratives taken from the German Internet portal 1001-Geschichte.de. Romance tourism is a term used to characterize women who during holidays in the countries of global south engage in a personal relationship with a local man. As that relationship is emotional in character it cannot be limited to simple sex tourism. The German portal connects women whose feeling were abused by local man. The stories they share are consistent with narrative structures used for describing romantic love in the Western culture. However, due to the specific context, exotic environment and different cultural background of the lover, those stories are all examples of Saidian orientalism. Those dimensions form the subject of the present paper.
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EN
Looking through the lens of human capital flow, Arab world belongs to the most globalized regions in the world. Hardy any Arab country is not engaged in intensive migration processes – both GCC states with immigrant labour as a backbone of their economies, and poor labour exporting Arab countries for which remittances provide an important additional source of income. The article presents and analyses both types of migration flows in the Arab world, its scope and consequences.
EN
In 2018 Student Services Employee Association (Stowarzyszenie Forum Dzieka na-tów) was established. One of its aims is to get involved in a dialogue with organi-sations and institutions dealing with higher education, in particular with the Ministry of Science and Higher Education as the relevant public authority. In this regard the Association proposed three amendments to the Act of Higher Education and Science in terms of administrative procedure, in particular: notice on initiation of procedure, simplified procedure and silent settlement of case, which were sub-mitted to the Ministry. As a bottom-up initiative of student services employees at HEIs, it enables them to get involved in consulting acts on higher education and proposing amendments to these regulations. This role of the Association is significant due to the fact that in many HEIs student services employees have no ability to provide feedback on the regulations that they are executing.
PL
W 2018 r. powstało Stowarzyszenie Forum Dziekanatów, którego jednym z celów jest włączenie się w dialog z organizacjami i instytucjami zajmującymi się szkolnictwem wyższym, a zwłaszcza MNiSW jako właściwym organem administracji publicznej. W tym celu Stowarzyszenie sformułowało trzy propozycje zmian w usta wie Prawo o szkolnictwie wyższym i nauce w kontekście postępowania administracyjnego, w szczególności: zawiadomienia o wszczęciu postępowania, postępowania uproszczonego oraz milczącego załatwienia sprawy, które zostały przekazane do MNiSW. Powstanie Stowarzyszenia jako oddolnej inicjatywy pracowników dziekanatów szkół wyższych oraz innych osób zajmujących się obsługą toku studiów dało im możliwość uczestniczenia w konsultacji w zakresie prawa o szkolnictwie wyższym oraz formułowania postulatów jego zmiany. Jest to szczególnie istotne, biorąc pod uwagę, że na uczelniach pracownicy dziekanatów nie mają możliwości przekazania informacji zwrotnej na temat przepisów, które wykonują.
EN
In 2018 Student Services Employee Association (Stowarzyszenie Forum Dzieka na-tów) was established. One of its aims is to get involved in a dialogue with organisations and institutions dealing with higher education, in particular with the Ministry of Science and Higher Education as the relevant public authority. In this regard the Association proposed three amendments to the Act of Higher Education and Science in terms of administrative procedure, in particular: notice on initiation of procedure, simplified procedure and silent settlement of case, which were sub-mitted to the Ministry. As a bottomup initiative of student services employees at HEIs, it enables them to get involved in consulting acts on higher education and proposing amendments to these regulations. This role of the Association is significant due to the fact that in many HEIs student services employees have no ability to provide feedback on the regulations that they are executing.
EN
Since Poland joined the EU in 2004, intercultural education has become one of the fundamental goals of the Polish educational system. Many Polish educators believed that it was only through intercultural education that they would be able to teach students necessary skills which would support them in the transition to becoming truly multicultural and cosmopolitan. In other words, intercultural education was perceived as a must for post-socialist CEE countries in order to catch up with Western Europe. Our argument is that intercultural education has been created, developed and implemented in the specific context of Western, multicultural societies. However, our sstandpoint is far from negating its importance and role in education in the 21st century. On the basis of a critical reflection on the Eurocentric approach within educational studies, the problem is outlined of teaching intercultural education “by dry run” in the context of Polish schools – i.e. teaching about global dependencies without a direct link with or presence of cultural “Others”, who are usually known only through the media and literary canon. It is indicated that this form of education often fails to serve its goal as it is frequently implemented in a one-sided way: by Polish educators, in monocultural schools, as narrations about Others rather than their presentations through the lens of their experiences, stories or methodologies and so considering the voices from outside thecontext of Central and Eastern European countries.
EN
The article discusses issues concerning sensitive topics in diverse social research, primarily connected with sensitive field research. The authors first analyse issues concerning sensitive topics and then move on to discuss examples of socially sensitive research in difficult research-related situations and areas. They also focus on the complex situation of a social researcher conducting research in sensitive, socially, culturally and politically diverse contexts, including in the context of education.
EN
This article presents the system of higher education (HE) in Poland and the role of remote (and later online) learning in education with the focus on changes induced as the response to the COVID-19 pandemic. The analysis begins with a historical background that shows how higher education has been changing after the political transformation of the 1989, and proceeds with a discussion about the conditions in which remote learning emerged. On the one hand, these conditions relate to the existing programmes that e-learning offers – the tools. On the other hand, they refer to the level of digital preparedness – the skills. The article is meant to be descriptive and combines didactic (both institutional and student-related) and administrative perspective of responding to COVID-19. The article analyses how the Polish HE system managed the transition to online teaching caused by the pandemic.
PL
Przedmiotem artykułu jest próba oceny, czy transformacja społeczno-polityczna nazywana zbiorczo Arabską Wiosną okazała się korzystna dla analizowanych państw (Algieria, Egipt, Jordania, Liban, Maroko, Tunezja). Na podstawie danych odnoszących się do sfery politycznej i ekonomicznej dokonano analizy oraz porównania osiągniętych wyników między państwami. W artykule wskazano podłoże oraz typy postulatów zgłaszanych przez protestujących mieszkańców Bliskiego Wschodu i Afryki Północnej w czasie rewolucji, a następnie przedstawiono szereg wymiernych wskaźników badających ich stan po pięciu latach po Arabskiej Wiośnie. Zestawiając dostępne mierniki oceniono, iż działania rewolucyjne przyniosły znacznie mniej pozytywnych zmian polityczno-ekonomicznych niż oczekiwano. Ujemny wynik z perspektywy gospodarczej praktycznie we wszystkich badanych państwach, a także negatywne zmiany na płaszczyźnie politycznej mogą sugerować, iż nie udało się wykorzystać niewątpliwie ogromnego potencjału do poprawy warunków społeczno-ekonomicznych mieszkańców państw protestujących w ramach Arabskiej Wiosny.
EN
The article critically engages in teaching intercultural education in Poland-a country that is to a great extent homogenous in ethnic or religious terms. It starts with a brief overview of the complicated nature of intercultural education, followed by a case study of how intercultural education is studied and researched in Poland in a top academic journal dedicated to intercultural education. Quantitative content analysis shows that intercultural education is generally approached and unrelated to the local Polish context. The only exception is the borderland type of intercultural education. This leads to a conclusion that teaching intercultural education without a context-i.e. real-life experiences-proves to be a challenge in monocultural schools.
EN
Remote teaching became one of the key topics in educational research due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Our article looks at the other side of the story, i.e., in-person education during the pandemic. This aspect of teaching excellence has been overlooked because it seemed to be thoroughly studied. However, COVID-19 has profoundly changed in-person teaching. In our study, we focus on the Polish medical and technical universities as the studies they offer include solid practical components (labs or clinical classes). Our article examines how in-person classes were administered and organised during three consecutive semesters, starting in the Spring of 2020, when teaching at Polish HEIs was mostly conducted remotely. We build our analysis on internal legal acts issued by rectors and interviews with university staff who oversaw the teaching process. The legal documents describe the procedures related to in-person teaching or frontline teaching in person. The interviews complement this image by providing the rationale behind the regulations, their reception by the students and the faculty, or the backstage of in-person teaching. The LogFrame was applied to provide a conceptual framework to understand how universities could continue providing their services.
PL
Małżeństwo nieoficjalne (ar. zawadż urfi) jest innowacją stosowaną przede wszystkim w Egipcie. Wobec wysokiego kosztu zawarcia związku małżeńskiego, urfi pełni funkcję instrumentalną – legitymizując związek religijnie – a zarazem jest krokiem do zawarcia prawdziwego (oficjalnego) związku małżeńskiego. Instytucja urfi została zaadaptowana w ciągu ostatnich kilkunastu lat w kontaktach między turystkami a lokalnymi mężczyznami, w ramach tzw. turystyki erotycznej czy romansu. Artykuł analizuje sposoby rozumienia i postrzegania małżeństwa urfi przez zachodnie turystki. Materiałem źródłowym są wypowiedzi kobiet na forach internetowych, poświęconych turystycznym kontaktom intymnym pomiędzy Europejkami a Arabami. Wyszczególniono kilka rodzajów narracji, wskazujących na takie aspekty jak potencjał seksualny partnera, urfi jako narzędzie dyskredytujące zachodnie kobiety, legitymację dla uprawiania seksu, oraz nieczyste intencje habiba. Motywy rodzinne mają w przedmiotowym dyskursie znaczenie minimalne, co podkreśla instrumentalny charakter relacji.
EN
Unofficial marriage (Arabic nikah ‘urfi, zawag ‘urfi) is an innovation used primarily in Egypt. In view of the high cost of marriage, ‘urfi’s role is instrumental in religiously legitimising a relationship. At the same time it is a step to enter the true, i.e. official, marriage. The ‘urfi institution has been applied over the last few years to relationships between Western female tourists and local men within so-called sex tourism or romance. The article analyses ways of understanding and perception of ‘urfi marriage by Western female tourists. The source material consists of the women’s online posts on forums devoted to intimate touristic contacts between European women and Arabs. Several types of the narrative can be specified, such as the partner’s sexual potential, urfi as the tool of discrediting Western women engaged in the model, legitimacy for having sex, or impure intentions of habib (‘lover’). Family affairs are of minimal importance in the discourse, which emphasises instrumental nature of the relationship.
EN
Due to over 40 years of seclusion behind the iron curtain (until 1989) and the myth of a single ethnicity, single religion nation, the Polish education system lacks exposure to a multireligious classroom environment. With EU accession in 2004, the situation is gradually changing. Although higher education facilities provide teachers with comprehensive training in this matter, the actual first-hand experience is rare and new. In this paper, we used an exploratory study, based on qualitative data collected in autumn 2022, using an interpretative approach, to identify and describe strategies for the best practices of teachers when working with Muslim students in a Polish classroom. The empirical data was derived from 37 interviews with teachers (25) and with Muslim students (12) covering 5 voivodeships. We aim to provide a valuable source of information for professionals on how to create an inclusive classroom environment. The exploratory study is part of a larger research project that received funding from the EU, titled EMPATHY: Challenging discourse about Islam and Muslims in Poland, [101049389 CERV-2021-EQUAL]. In effect, we identified 2 predominant strategies of teachers for engagement with Muslim students and several best practice examples on how to overcome obstacles to classroom inclusion.
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