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EN
The article discusses the linguistic unit coś jest nielogiczne (‘something is illogical’), aiming to provide a description of its meaning, and an explicative formula which consists of indefinable expressions of the natural language. The semantic description of the unit is influenced by the issue of its reference, which is two-fold: the unit can refer to what someone said, as well as to what someone did. In order to pinpoint the distinctive features of the given expression, which is what determines its distinguishability, it is compared to a semantically close predicate, nonsens (‘nonsense’). Conclusions that flow from the analysis of nonsens had to be verified after a comparison with those obtained from the analysis of illogicality.
Poradnik Językowy
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2023
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vol. 807
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issue 8
33-47
EN
This article analyses the Polish pronoun ten (‘this’) located next to proper names in contexts such as ten Martynowski, ten Marek, ten Gdańsk, ten Giewont. Due to its occurrence in immediately next to two expressions which primarily function as exponents of specific reference, one can put forward a hypothesis that the investigated pronoun is not applied in its referential function in this type of settings. Thus, it ceases to be a demonstrative pronoun, and assumes linguistic properties other than its basic ones. The aim of this study is to determine the linguistic nature of such occurrences of ten, also in reference to the thesis prevailing in the relevant literature, which, among other aspects, concerns the expressive value of such applications of the pronoun. The combinations of ten with proper names selected for analysis will be juxtaposed with nonobligatory occurrences of this pronoun next to nouns (as, for example, in the sentence: Na tym wczorajszym indyku można sobie było zęby połamać (You could break your teeth on that turkey yesterday).
PL
Przedmiotem analizy w niniejszym artykule jest polski zaimek ten występujący przy nazwach własnych w kontekstach w rodzaju ten Martynowski, ten Marek, ten Gdańsk, ten Giewont. Ze względu na współwystępowanie w bezpośrednim sąsiedztwie dwóch wyrażeń prymarnie pełniących funkcję wykładników referencji szczegółowej określonej można wysunąć hipotezę, że zaimek ten w tego typu układach nie jest użyty referencjalnie, przestaje tym samym być demonstrativum, w związku z czym ma inne niż podstawowe dla niego właściwości językowe. Celem badań podjętych w tym tekście jest określenie językowej specyfiki takich wystąpień operatora ten, w tym odniesienie się do tez dominujących w literaturze specjalistycznej, dotyczących m.in. ekspresywności takich użyć. Wybrane do zbadania połączenia słowa ten z nazwami własnymi zostaną zestawione z nieobligatoryjnymi wystąpieniami tego zaimka przy rzeczownikach (jak np. w zdaniu: Na tym wczorajszym indyku można sobie było zęby połamać).
Poradnik Językowy
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2017
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vol. 748
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issue 9
47-62
EN
The refl ections presented in this paper focus on comparing the expression representing the notion mentioned in the title and its cognates, that is linguistic units representing the notion of surprise (‘zdziwienie’), startlement (‘zaskoczenie’) and amazement (‘zdumienie’). Juxtaposing the predicates which are similar in meaning serves the purpose of fi nding signifi cant features differentiating the words in question and determining their distinctiveness. The descriptions of the analysed predicates include such properties as: the form of the units representing the discussed notions; an ability to determine the selectional restrictions imposed on the realisation of the non-subject argument denoting the phenomenon which causes the analysed states, as well as the subject argument referring to the subject experiencing them; the issue of factivity; the issue of possible evaluation implied by the described expressions; and curiosities in the functioning of certain grammatical forms of the analysed expressions. In the discussions of a strictly semantic nature, the issues related to knowledge vs lack of knowledge on the part of the experiencing subject seem to be of key importance. A summary of the search signalled in the title of the paper consists in a preliminary, intended to be the fi rst, proposition of explication of the expression kogoś zdziwiło (to), że p (someone was surprised that p).
Poradnik Językowy
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2016
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vol. 737
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issue 8
35-47
EN
The paper focuses on the adjectives głodny (hungry), spragniony (thirsty) and żądny (greedy), which appear in contexts which are not typical of their common usage. While sentences like On jest głodny/spragniony (He is hungry/ thirsty) with the adjective as a predicative expression, and adjectival phrases such as głodny/spragniony wędrowiec (hungry/thirsty wanderer) are instances of typical usage, głodny czegoś (hungry for something), spragniony czegoś (thirsty for something), żądny czegoś (greedy for something), are untypical, and the last expression appears only in such a form. Tentatively, the author perceives the analysed adjectives as indicators of the will of the experiencer. The phrases are units of language (as defi ned by Andrzej Bogusławski, see Bogusławski 1976) different than one-segment expressions głodny and spragniony, although historically they refer to words such as głód, pragnienie, żądza/żądanie (hunger, thirst, greed, respectively). However, acknowledging the lexical independence of the units does not mean that the analysed units, as regards their content, are set apart from the expressions from which they are derived. The research is aimed at characterising their semantic properties, as well as determining relationships among them (deciding whether they are equivalent in meaning), establishing their relationship with the semantically simple verb chcieć (ktoś chce czegoś) (to want (someone wants something)), and – as a consequence – making an attempt at explicating their meanings.
Język Polski
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2014
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vol. 94
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issue 4
314-321
PL
Przedmiotem refleksji w niniejszym artykule jest słowo „jedyny” i jego zanegowana postać, tj. wyrażenie „nie jedyny” lub „niejedyny”. Słowniki ortograficzne PWN sprawę pisowni (łącznej lub rozdzielnej) explicite rozstrzygają dopiero w wydaniach od 2003 r. Zgodnie z najnowszymi zaleceniami obowiązuje pisownia łączna. Ponieważ poruszony problem wykracza poza kwestie czysto poprawnościowe, analizie poddano również funkcjonowanie tych wyrażeń, status gramatyczny słowa „jedyny”, a także kwestię jego łączliwości, zawsze pozostającą w związku z semantyką danej jednostki językowej.
EN
The article centres on the word "jedyny" (‘only’) and its negated form, i.e. an expression "nie jedyny" or "niejedyny" (‘not the only one’). Orthographical dictionaries published by PWN explicitly determine the issue of their spelling as late as in the 2003 editions. According to the latest recommendations, spelling the negated form as one word is correct. Since the discussed matter goes beyond mere correctness, the functional as well as grammatical status of the word was analysed, together with its selectional restrictions, which are always related to the semantic level of a given linguistic unit.
EN
The paper focuses on the Polish adjective dziwny [‘strange’] in its most typical position, that is adjacent to a noun. The aim of the analysis is to provide a description of its meaning which leads to proposing its semantic definition. Hence, the connectivity of this adjective is characterised, with a view to indicating possible selectional limitations imposed on nouns which could enter a collocation with it. In order to propose fundamental semantic hypotheses, the analysed lexical properties of the focal adjective are compared with other predicates with a similar meaning, that is expressions such as dziwaczny [‘bizzare’], nietypowy [‘untypical’], osobliwy [‘peculiar’] and specyficzny [‘specific’].
PL
Głównym przedmiotem badań w niniejszym artykule jest przymiotnik dziwny występujący w najczęstszej dla niego pozycji, tj. przy rzeczowniku. Celem analizy jest opis jego znaczenia prowadzący do sformułowania definicji semantycznej. Środkiem do niego jest charakterystyka łączliwości tego wyrażenia ukierunkowana na wskazanie ewentualnych ograniczeń selekcyjnych nałożonych na rzeczowniki mogące przy nim występować. Sformułowaniu zasadniczych hipotez semantycznych służy także porównanie rozpatrywanych właściwości leksykalnych centralnego przymiotnika dziwny z predykatami o podobnym znaczeniu, tj. wyrażeniami dziwaczny, nietypowy, osobliwy i specyficzny.
Poradnik Językowy
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2019
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vol. 768
|
issue 9
50-65
EN
The aim of this paper is to identify linguistic units which represent the notions of inność, różność, odrębność and odmienność (otherness, difference, distinctiveness and dissimilarity). The outcome of the examination provides data which are indispensable in further systematic analysis of their meanings. Determining the number of linguistic units corresponding to a given term as well as describing their forms give insight into the syntactic properties of the identified units (which can become premises for strictly semantic conclusions). Detailed descriptions of the lexical exponents of all four terms are based on authentic textual instances of their usage (taken from the National Corpus of Polish). Observations which originated from the undertaken analysis are confronted with the findings presented in dictionaries of contemporary Polish. The solutions proposed in this paper, although they refer to semantics, virtually fail to go beyond the issues related to the problem of identifying linguistic units.
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