The paper presents Adam Bełcikowski’s study about 'Os Lusíadas 'by Luis Vaz de Camões. Bełcikowski’s text was issued in „Nowa Reforma” in Krakow (1891, nos. 26-27, 29-32, 35-37), soon after the release of the translation of 'The Lusiads' into Polish by Zofia Trzeszczkowska (Adam M-ski) on the Polish book market. The critic made an attempt at familiarising the Polish reader with the poem, indicating its ideological-artistic value.
The paper is dedicated to the role of princess Marcelina Czartoryska, a friend and student of Chopin, as an initiator of the research into his life and work, and to Stanisław Tarnowski’s essay about the composer. On 19 March 1871, in the hall of the Saski Hotel, a public lecture on Chopin was presented by Tarnowski, accompanied by Czartoryska’s magnificent performance. The income from this event was donated to Towarzystwo Wzajemnej Pomocy (mutual help association) for the support of the poor students of the Jagiellonian University. Czartoryska accompanied Tarnowski, illustrating his speech by playing the piano. Tarnowski published his work twice: in 1871 and 1892. He set the life and work of Chopin in the context of the period. Based on the sources, he reconstructed the spiritual biography of the artist, his creative personality both in terms of the psychological and the social aspects. He saw in Chopin “the fourth greatest poet of the divided Poland,” the fourth Bard.
The paper is dedicated to the issue of the mass participation of peasants in the 200th anniversary of the Battle of Vienna in Cracow (1883). The author pays attention to the attempts made by the organizers of the ceremony at clarifying historical knowledge about John III Sobieski and the events of 1863 to the peasant recipient, as well as analyses the role which was attributed to the peasants in the celebrations. Among the texts analysed in the article there are for example: the play by Władysław Ludwik Anczyc Kościuszko pod Racławicami and Stanisław Tarnowski’s brochure Wspomnienie o Janie III Sobieskim, królu polskim. Na pamiątkę obchodu dwóchsetnej rocznicy zwycięstwa Jana III Sobieskiego nad Turkami pod Wiedniem, which was released by the authorities of Cracow in the circulation of 25000 copies and was intended to be distributed free among the participants of this ceremony.
The paper shows the position of allegory in the second half of the 19th century. The author analyses chosen examples of allegorical presentations found in art (e.g. Jan Matejko’s paintings, designs of Adam Mickiewicz monument in Cracow) and positivist literature, as well as critical opinions referring to this phenomenon. The sense of crisis, depletion and inadequacy of allegorical language towards the reality of the epoch, mainly expressed by critics, was attributed to the tendencies which shaped the cultural awareness of the 19th century, namely realism and historicism.
Nagiel’s novels have not attracted researchers’ attention, except for some references to works devoted to the development of mystery novels in Poland, the image of Warsaw in Polish literature of the 19th century, or the history of Polish immigrant society press. When writing his crime novels – Tajemnica Nalewek and Sęp – the author followed the example of foreign novels, mainly English and French ones. The main character of his crime novels, detective Fryga, is not the scientist type who investigates data in his quiet office, library or laboratory. He resembles Vidocq and one of his literary counterparts, the character of Gaboriau’s novel – policeman Lecoq. In his investigation, he owes a lot to coincidence and luck; he is active, energetic and creative, trying to speed up events, he takes the initiative in the fight against crime. In Nagiel’s novels, mystery not only is connected with the motif of crime, the secret behind the crime and an attempt to solve it, but also seems to be an inherent element of the world. The world created by Nagiel is dark, complex and anxiety-provoking. Solving the crime stories and punishing culprits mean the triumph of justice, social order and convention, but they do not eliminate the sense of threat.
PL
Powieści Nagla na ogół nie zwracały uwagi badaczy, z wyjątkiem pewnych odniesień w pracach poświęconych rozwijaniu powieści kryminalnych w Polsce, obrazu Warszawy w literaturze polskiej XIX wieku czy historii polskiej prasy emigracyjnej. Pisząc kryminały – Tajemnice Nalewek i Sępa – autor podążał za przykładem powieści obcojęzycznych, przede wszystkim angielskich i francuskich. Główny bohater jego kryminałów, detektyw Fryga, nie jest jeszcze typem naukowca, który prowadzi śledztwo w zaciszu swojego biura, biblioteki czy laboratorium. Przypomina Vidocqa i jednego z jego literackich odpowiedników, protagonistę powieści Gaboriau – policjanta Lecoqa. Podczas śledztwa Fryga wiele zawdzięcza przypadkowi i szczęściu, jest aktywny, energiczny i twórczy, starając się zaś przyspieszyć tempo wydarzeń, przejmuje inicjatywę w walce z przestępczością. W powieści Nagla tajemnica wiąże się nie tylko z motywem zbrodni, sekretem skrytym za przestępstwem i próbą rozwiązania, ale wydaje się nieodłącznym elementem rzeczywistości. Świat stworzony przez Nagla jest mroczny, niejednoznaczny i wywołuje niepokój. Rozwiązanie zagadki kryminalnej i ukaranie winnych oznacza zwycięstwo sprawiedliwości, porządku społecznego i konwencji, ale nie eliminuje poczucia zagrożenia.
The paper shows connections between Stanisław Tarnowski and Lucjan Rydel and his family. Tarnowski was a disciple of Józef Kremer, while Rydel was a pupil of Tarnowski. Kremer’s views on art, to some extent, shaped Tarnowski’s aesthetic thought, especially when it comes to the perception of beauty and creative act. Kremer accompanied Tarnowski at the beginning of his scientific career. Rydel used to attend Tarnowski’s speeches in his gymnasium period, and then as a student of the Jagiellonian University. He belonged to a narrow group of Young Poland writers, whose work was appreciated by the critic. He included papers about Rydel in Przegląd Polski. [78] Renata Stachura-Lupa In 1899 Tarnowski welcomed a debut volume by Rydel, appreciating his ‘inherent gift, acquired skill, good taste and musical ear, as well as playing with the difficulty of form,’ which contributed to ‘truly brilliant results.’ He praised the author for ‘his honest feelings’, at the same time noticing the dominance of sadness in his poetry, which was supposed to be typical of ‘young’ poetry, reflecting the depressing mood in the nation, caused by ‘the state of the motherland.’ In 1901 in Przegląd Polski he published a dissertation Nowe kierunki dramatu i „Zaczarowane koło” Lucjana Rydla, in which he made an ‘analysis’ of his disciple’s art. What he found particularly valuable was the method of presenting the countryside, which proved he was well-acquainted with its reality. However, it was only the trilogy Zygmunt August that he regarded as a masterpiece and ‘the best historical tragedy we’ve ever had’.
The paper presents the work of Jan Lorentowicz Polska pieśń niepodległa, published before Poland regained its independence (fragments published in 1915/1916 (no. 1–2), a separate publication of the whole – 1917). This work is among those texts written by Lorentowicz which have been forgotten. Nevertheless, it is the evidence of the critic’s erudition, literateness and passion for patriotic poetry, as well as a depiction of social mood during the Great War. According to Lorentowicz, an independence song is inspired by collective experiences – of servitude, conspiracy and national liberation uprisings – shared by subsequent generations of Polish poets and poetry readers. It is a testimony of an ‘irrepressible’ Polish spirit, the faith of the nation in regaining independence and existing against all odds; it is also a record of its fight and martyrdom.
The paper illustrates the relationship between women’s clothing and the processes of modernization in the 19th century Europe. The author focuses on the discourse of emancipation and women who, like the French writer George Sand and a group of her Polish followers, broke away from the traditional image of women and adopted masculine clothing. In Poland, the interpretation of Sand’s lifestyle, characterized by her preference for masculine clothing, posed a challenge to her first biographers, who associated the author of Indiana with Frederic Chopin. A woman in a frock coat with a cigar or pipe in her hand was seen by opponents of emancipation as a troublemaker seeking applause. She discredited not only herself, but also the idea of emancipation. Accusations of seeking attention and cheap sensation were accompanied by charges of a sexual-erotic nature: shamelessness, licentiousness, and moral decay. Eliza Orzeszkowa knew and appreciated Sand’s work. She herself avoided talking about her private life. In Kilka słów o kobietach (1870, A Few Words On Women), the essay which was fundamental to the further development of the emancipation movement in Poland. She criticized the troublemakers, bluestocking and lioness women, who reduced the idea of equality to behaviour that violated social norms. In her emancipation program, she advocated respect for the family and marriage, and moral and ethical standards.
PL
Artykuł ukazuje związek między strojem kobiecym a procesami modernizacyjnymi zachodzącymi w Europie w XIX wieku. Autorka koncentruje się na dyskursie emancypacyjnym i kobietach, które tak jak francuska pisarka George Sand i grono jej polskich naśladowczyń zrywały z tradycyjnym wizerunkiem kobiety i zakładały męskie stroje. W Polsce z interpretacją stylu życia Sand, noszącej męską garderobę, nie radzili sobie jej pierwsi biografowie, piszący o autorce Indiany w związku z Fryderykiem Chopinem. Kobieta w surducie, z cygarem lub fajką w ręku w ocenie przeciwników emancypacji była awanturnicą, szukającą poklasku. Kompromitowała nie tylko siebie, ale i ideę emancypacyjną. Do oskarżeń o szukanie atencji i taniej sensacji dochodziły zarzuty o podłożu seksualno-erotycznym: o bezwstydności, rozwiązłości, zgniliźnie moralnej. Eliza Orzeszkowa znała i ceniła twórczość Sand. Sama unikała mówienia o swoim życiu prywatnym. W Kilku słowach o kobietach (1870), rozprawie fundamentalnej dla dalszego rozwoju ruchu emancypacyjnego w Polsce, krytyce poddała awanturnice, sawantki i kobiety lwice, które ideę równouprawnienia sprowadzają do zachowań naruszających społeczne normy. W swoim programie emancypacyjnym opowiedziała się za poszanowaniem rodziny, małżeństwa i norm moralno-obyczajowych.