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EN
Background: The study assessed the incidence and intensity of subjective symptoms indicating simulator sickness among the persons with no inclination to motion sickness, immersed in virtual reality (VR) by watching an hour long movie in the stereoscopic (three-dimensional – 3D) and non-stereoscopic (two-dimensional – 2D) versions and after an hour long training using virtual reality, called sVR. Material and Methods: The sample comprised 20 healthy young men with no inclination to motion sickness. The participants’ subjective sensations, indicating symptoms of simulator sickness were assessed using the questionnaire completed by the participants immediately, 20 min and 24 h following the test. Grandjean’s scale was used to assess fatigue and mood. Results: The symptoms were observed immediately after the exposure to sVR. Their intensity was higher than after watching the 2D and 3D movies. A significant relationship was found between the eye pain and the type of exposure (2D, 3D and sVR) (Chi²(2) = 6.225, p ≤ 0.05); the relationship between excessive perspiration and the exposure to 3D movie and sVR was also noted (Chi²(1) = 9.173, p ≤ 0.01). Some symptoms were still observed 20 min after exposure to sVR. The comparison of Grandjean’s scale results before and after the training in sVR handing showed significant differences in 11 out of 14 subscales. Before and after exposure to 3D movie, the differences were significant only for the “tired-fatigued” subscale (Z = 2.501, p ≤ 0.012) in favor of “fatigued”. Conclusions: Based on the subjective sensation of discomfort after watching 2D and 3D movies it is impossible to predict symptoms of simulator sickness after training using sVR. Med Pr 2014;65(3):361–371
PL
Wstęp: Celem pracy była ocena występowania i nasilenia subiektywnych objawów wskazujących na występowanie choroby symulatorowej u osób bez skłonności do choroby lokomocyjnej, których zanurzenie w rzeczywistości wirtualnej (virtual reality – VR) polegało na oglądaniu godzinnego fragmentu filmu w wersji stereoskopowej (three-dimensional – 3D) i niestereoskopowej (two-dimensional – 2D) oraz uczestnictwie w godzinnym szkoleniu z wykorzystaniem rzeczywistości wirtualnej, nazwanym sVR. Materiał i metody: W badaniach uczestniczyło 20 zdrowych młodych mężczyzn niemających skłonności do choroby lokomocyjnej. Subiektywne odczucia uczestników, wskazujące na występowanie objawów choroby symulatorowej, oceniano na podstawie kwestionariusza wypełnianego 3-krotnie po badaniu: bezpośrednio oraz 20 min i 24 godz. po nim. Do oceny zmęczenia i nastroju zastosowano skalę Grandjeana. Wyniki: Wszystkie z 8 analizowanych objawów zaobserwowano tylko bezpośrednio po sVR. Stopień ich nasilenia był większy niż po obejrzeniu filmu w obu wersjach – 2D i 3D. Stwierdzono istotny związek występowania bólu oczu z rodzajem ekspozycji 2D, 3D i sVR (Chi²(2) = 6,225; p ≤ 0,05) oraz związek wzmożonej potliwości po emisji filmu 3D i sVR (Chi²(1) = 9,173; p ≤ 0,01). Niektóre objawy obserwowano jeszcze po upływie 20 min, szczególnie po sVR. Porównanie wyników skali Grandjeana przed szkoleniem i po nim w obsłudze wirtualnego stanowiska pracy wykazało istotność różnic dla 11 spośród 14 podskal. Przed filmem w wersji 3D i po nim różnica była istotna tylko dla podskali ‘wypoczęty - zmęczony' (Z = 2,501; p ≤ 0,012) w kierunku zmęczony. Wnioski: U osób z potwierdzonym brakiem skłonności do choroby lokomocyjnej trudno na podstawie subiektywnych odczuć dyskomfortu po obejrzeniu filmu w wersji 2D i 3D przewidzieć objawy choroby symulatorowej, mogące wystąpić po szkoleniu z użyciem wirtualnego stanowiska pracy. Med. Pr. 2014;65(3):361–371
EN
Objectives: The aim of the study was to verify whether simultaneous responses from the muscular and circulatory system occur in the driver's body under simulated conditions of a crash threat. Materials and Methods: The study was carried out in a passenger car driving simulator. The crash was included in the driving test scenario developed in an urban setting. In the group of 22 young male subjects, two physiological signals - ECG and EMG were continuously recorded. The length of the RR interval in the ECG signal was assessed. A HRV analysis was performed in the time and frequency domains for 1-minute record segments at rest (seated position), during undisturbed driving as well as during and several minutes after the crash. For the left and right side muscles: m. trapezius (TR) and m. flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS), the EMG signal amplitude was determined. The percentage of maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) was compared during driving and during the crash. Results: As for the ECG signal, it was found that in most of the drivers changes occurred in the parameter values reflecting HRV in the time domain. Significant changes were noted in the mean length of RR intervals (mRR). As for the EMG signal, the changes in the amplitude concerned the signal recorded from the FDS muscle. The changes in ECG and EMG were simultaneous in half of the cases. Conclusion: Such parameters as mRR (ECG signal) and FDS-L amplitude (EMG signal) were the responses to accident risk. Under simulated conditions, responses from the circulatory and musculoskeletal systems are not always simultaneous. The results indicate that a more complete driver's response to a crash in road traffic is obtained based on parallel recording of two physiological signals (ECG and EMG).
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