The paper focuses on how the institutional design of education systems shapes opportunities for lifelong learning. Our main aim is to reveal to what extent Estonia, as a new member state, is a specific case for the EU. We expect the Estonian case to diverge from the patterns of links, between education systems and participation in non-formal education, predicted by the theories and characteristics of the old EU member-states. The authors use aggregate data about participation in non-formal learning in a number of European Union countries, based on an ad hoc module included in the EU Labour Force Survey 2003.
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