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1

Categorization in the Brāhmanas

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Jurewicz J.
Cracow Indological Studies
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2011
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vol. 13
63-81
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Erratum to „Exposure to widespread environmental toxicants and children’s cognitive development and behavioral problems“

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Jurewicz J.
International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health
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2013
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vol. 26
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issue 3
494-494
3
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Exposure to phthalates: Reproductive outcome and children health. A review of epidemiological studies

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Jurewicz J., Hanke W.
International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health
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2011
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vol. 24
|
issue 2
115-141
EN
Phthalates are a family of industrial chemicals that have been used for a variety of purposes. As the potential consequences of human exposure to phthalates have raised concerns in the general population, they have been studied in susceptible subjects such as pregnant women, infants and children. This article aims at evaluating the impact of exposure to phthalates on reproductive outcomes and children health by reviewing most recent published literature. Epidemiological studies focusing on exposure to phthalates and pregnancy outcome, genital development, semen quality, precocious puberty, thyroid function, respiratory symptoms and neurodevelopment in children for the last ten years were identified by a search of the PubMed, Medline, Ebsco, Agricola and Toxnet literature bases. The results from the presented studies suggest that there are strong and rather consistent indications that phthalates increase the risk of allergy and asthma and have an adverse impact on children's neurodevelopment reflected by quality of alertness among girls, decreased (less masculine) composite score in boys and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Results of few studies demonstrate negative associations between phthalate levels commonly experienced by the public and impaired sperm quality (concentration, morphology, motility). Phthalates negatively impact also on gestational age and head circumference; however, the results of the studies were not consistent. In all the reviewed studies, exposure to phthalates adversely affected the level of reproductive hormones (luteinizing hormone, free testosterone, sex hormone-binding globulin), anogenital distance and thyroid function. The urinary levels of phthalates were significantly higher in the pubertal gynecomastia group, in serum in girls with premature thelarche and in girls with precocious puberty. Epidemiological studies, in spite of their limitations, suggest that phthalates may affect reproductive outcome and children health. Considering the suggested health effects, more epidemiologic data is urgently needed and, in the meantime, precautionary policies must be implemented.
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Ocena przydatności wybranych modeli bezpomiarowych do szacowania narażenia dermalnego dla potrzeb oceny zgodności warunków pracy z ograniczeniami 71 i 76 załącznika XVII do rozporządzenia REACH

51%
Klimecka A., Kupczewska-Dobecka M., Konieczko K., Jurewicz J.
Medycyna Pracy
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2023
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vol. 74
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issue 6
487-500
EN
Background Occupational exposure to chemicals occurs mainly through inhalation and the skin. The inhalation exposure assessment is regulated by law, while in Poland the method of conducting measurements for dermal exposure has not been indicated in the law. However, due to the restrictions 71 and 76 from Annex XVII of REACH for 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) and N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), exposure assessment by the dermal route is necessary. These restrictions require to ensure that exposure of workers is below the derived no-effect levels (DNELs) for dermal exposure. The aim of the work was assessment of suitability of selected non-measurement forecasting models for the estimation of dermal occupational exposure to chemicals for the purposes of assessing compliance of working conditions with the restrictions 71 and 76 of the REACH regulation. Material and Methods Three tools estimating dermal exposure, recommended by European Chemical Agency (ECHA), were selected: ECETOC TRA, RISKOFDERM and IH SkinPerm, which were used to estimate 2 exemplary workplaces. Results Results of the estimations of dermal exposure showed that non-measuring models are useful for fulfilling the obligations under restrictions 71 and 76 of Annex XVII of REACH. The type of exposure scenario and amount of data available for the workplace are crucial for the selection of the model. The ECETOC TRA was considered the best model for this type of analysis, whose main advantages are direct comparison of the output data in mg/kg/day with the DNEL value and use of standardized descriptors system. Conclusions Exposure modeling is a good and cheap way to determine the dermal exposure magnitude at workplaces, also to comply with the requirements of restrictions 71 and 76 of Annex XVII of REACH. The application of modeling in the case of occupational exposure by the dermal route is one of the solutions when it is necessary to comply with the DNEL for dermal exposure.
PL
Wstęp Do narażenia zawodowego na substancje chemiczne dochodzi głównie drogami inhalacyjną i skórną. Ocena narażenia inhalacyjnego wynika z przepisów prawa, natomiast dla narażenia dermalnego w Polsce nie wskazano prawnie sposobu przeprowadzania badań i pomiarów. Z powodu wprowadzenia ograniczeń 71 i 76 do załącznika XVII do rozporządzenia REACH dla 1-metylo-2-pirolidonu (NMP) i N,N-dimetyloformamidu (DMF) konieczne jest przeprowadzenie oceny narażenia drogą dermalną obok oceny narażenia inhalacyjnego. Ograniczenia te wiążą się z koniecznością dotrzymania wartości pochodnego poziomu niepowodującego zmian (derived no-effect level – DNEL) dla narażenia przez skórę. Celem pracy była ocena przydatności wybranych modeli bezpomiarowych do szacowania dermalnego narażenia zawodowego na związki chemiczne dla potrzeb oceny zgodności warunków pracy z ograniczeniami 71 i 76 do rozporządzenia REACH. Materiał i metody Wybrano 3 bezpłatne narzędzia, które w zakresie zastosowań mają szacowanie narażenia dermalnego i są zalecane do tego celu przez Europejską Agencję Chemikaliów (European Chemical Agency – ECHA), tj. modele ECETOC TRA, RISKOFDERM i IH SkinPerm, którymi oszacowano narażenie na 2 przykładowych stanowiskach pracy. Wyniki Wybrano 3 bezpłatne narzędzia, które w zakresie zastosowań mają szacowanie narażenia dermalnego i są zalecane do tego celu przez Europejską Agencję Chemikaliów (European Chemical Agency – ECHA), tj. modele ECETOC TRA, RISKOFDERM i IH SkinPerm, którymi oszacowano narażenie na 2 przykładowych stanowiskach pracy. Wnioski Modelowanie narażenia jest dobrym i stosunkowo tanim sposobem określania wielkości narażenia dermalnego na stanowiskach pracy, także w celu spełnienia wymagań ograniczeń 71 i 76 załącznika XVII do rozporządzenia REACH. Zastosowanie modelowania w przypadku zawodowego narażenia dermalnego jest jednym z rozwiązań w sytuacji konieczności dotrzymania wartości DNEL dla narażenia przez skórę.
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Zawodowe kancerogeny i mutageny w Polsce – występowanie i narażenie pracowników w latach 2018–2021 na podstawie danych z Centralnego rejestru czynników o działaniu rakotwórczym lub mutagennym

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Klimecka A., Konieczko K., Szczęsna D., Jurewicz J.
Medycyna Pracy
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2023
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vol. 74
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issue 5
399-407
EN
Background Central register of data on exposure to carcinogenic or mutagenic chemical substances, their mixtures, agents or technological processes (CRCR) conducted by Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine (NIOM) enables monitoring of such agents occurrence in working environment in Poland. The NIOM conducts CRCR based on the provisions of the Regulation of the Minister of Health of 24 July 2012 on chemical substances, their mixtures, agents or technological processes with carcinogenic or mutagenic effects in the work environment. The work summarizes the information reported to CRCR in 2018–2021. Material and Methods The data were extracted from CRCR, to which it was transferred by sanitary inspections. The data were extracted from CRCR. Data in this register is gathered based on employers’ notifications to sanitary inspection. The study includes the number of reported agents (chemical substances and technological processes), the number of enterprises and the number of persons exposed to particular groups of agents (chemical substances, technological processes, ionizing radiation). Results The number of substances notified to the CRCR increases, from 382 reported substances in 2018 to 444 in 2021. Significant increase in the number of enterprises reporting technological processes (from 981 in 2018 to 5422 in 2021) and the number of exposed persons results from the law amendments extending the list of carcinogenic or mutagenic processes. Conclusions The CRCR is a unique database on the occurrence and exposure to occupational carcinogens and mutagens, in which data from over 20 years has been collected. The increase in the number of reports to the register was mainly influenced by legislative changes regarding carcinogenic or mutagenic agents. Due to amount and complexity of data, they can be used for analysis in projects and programs aimed at raising awareness and reducing risk of occupational exposure to carcinogens and also during legislative works in Poland and in the EU.
PL
Wstęp Centralny rejestr danych o narażeniu na substancje chemiczne, ich mieszaniny, czynniki lub procesy technologiczne o działaniu rakotwórczym lub mutagennym (CRCR) prowadzony przez Instytut Medycyny Pracy (IMP) w Łodzi umożliwia monitorowanie występowania tych czynników w środowisku pracy w Polsce. Instytut Medycyny Pracy prowadzi CRCR na podstawie przepisów Rozporządzenia Ministra Zdrowia z dnia 24 lipca 2012 r. w sprawie substancji chemicznych, ich mieszanin, czynników lub procesów technologicznych o działaniu rakotwórczym lub mutagennym w środowisku pracy. W pracy podsumowano informacje zgłaszane do CRCR w latach 2018–2021. Materiał i metody Opracowane dane pochodzą z CRCR, do którego zostały przekazane przez pracodawców za pośrednictwem inspekcji sanitarnych. Opracowanie obejmuje liczby: zgłaszanych czynników (substancji i procesów technologicznych), zakładów pracy dokonujących zgłoszeń i osób narażonych na poszczególne grupy czynników (substancje chemiczne, procesy technologiczne, promieniowanie jonizujące). Wyniki Liczba substancji zgłaszanych do CRCR zwiększa się, w 2018 r. zgłoszono 382 substancje, a w 2021 r. – 444 substancje. Odnotowano znaczne zwiększenie liczby zakładów zgłaszających procesy technologiczne (z 981 w 2018 r. do 5422 w 2021 r.) i liczby osób na nie narażonych. Wynika to z nowelizacji prawa rozszerzającej wykaz procesów o działaniu rakotwórczym lub mutagennym. Wnioski Rejestr CRCR jest wyjątkową w skali kraju bazą danych o występowaniu i narażeniu na zawodowe kancerogeny i mutageny, w której zgromadzono dane z ponad 20 lat. Na wzrost liczby zgłoszeń do rejestru w omawianych latach największy wpływ miały zmiany legislacyjne dotyczące czynników o działaniu rakotwórczym lub mutagennym. Ze względu na ilość i kompleksowość danych zgromadzonych w rejestrze są one wykorzystywane do analiz w ramach projektów i programów mających na celu podnoszenie świadomości na temat zagrożeń wynikających z narażenia na czynniki rakotwórcze w miejscu pracy oraz ograniczanie tych zagrożeń, a także podczas prac legislacyjnych w Polsce i UE.
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Smoking and alcohol drinking during pregnancy as the risk factors for poor child neurodevelopment – A review of epidemiological studies

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Polańska K., Jurewicz J., Hanke W.
International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health
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2015
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vol. 28
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issue 3
419-443
EN
Maternal active and passive smoking and low or moderate alcohol drinking during pregnancy, taking into account the level of exposure and developmental or behavioral outcomes, are recognized as a significant issue from both a clinical and a public health perspective. The article aims at evaluating the impact of prenatal exposure to tobacco smoke constituents and low or moderate alcohol drinking during pregnancy on children neurodevelopment by reviewing the most recently published literature. Relevant studies were identified by searching the Pubmed, Medline and Ebsco literature databases. This review is restricted to 29 human studies published in English in peer reviewed journals since 2006. The studies published recently continued to show some relationship between tobacco smoke exposure, from active and passive maternal smoking during pregnancy, and children’s psychomotor development independent of other variables, but this relationship is not straightforward. The association is mostly consistent for measures of academic achievements and behavioral problems which require further attention. The results of the studies on low or moderate exposure to alcohol are not fully conclusive, but some of them suggest that consumption of alcohol during pregnancy may adversely affect children’s intelligence quotient (IQ), mental health, memory and verbal or visual performance. As the reviewed studies indicate, maternal lifestyle during pregnancy like alcohol drinking or smoking may affect children neurodevelopment. All effort should be taken to eliminate such exposure to ensure appropriate children’s development.
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Review of current evidence on the impact of pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls and selected metals on attention deficit / hyperactivity disorder in children

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Polańska K., Jurewicz J., Hanke W.
International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health
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2013
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vol. 26
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issue 1
16-38
EN
The aim of this review was to investigate the association between attention defi cit / hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) or ADHD- related symptoms and industrial chemicals, such as organophosphates and organochlorine pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), lead, mercury and manganese. Medline, PubMed and EBSCO searches were performed to identify the studies that analyzed the association of prenatal and postnatal child exposure to such toxicants and ADHD or ADHD-related symptoms. The review is restricted to human studies published in English in peer-reviewed journals since 2000. Most of the presented studies focused on pesticides, PCB and lead. The impact of mercury and manganese was investigated less frequently. The fi ndings indicate that children’s exposure to organophosphate pesticides may cause symptoms consistent with pervasive developmental disorder, ADHD or attention problems. Exposures to organochlorine pesticides and PCBs were associated with ADHD-like behaviors such as alertness, quality of alert response, and cost of attention. The studies provided evidence that blood lead level below 10 μg/dl was associated with ADHD or ADHD-related symptoms. Information on the association between exposure to mercury and neurotoxicity is limited, and requires further confi rmation in future research. Two studies indicated that exposure to manganese is related to ADHD; such exposure and its impact on children neurodevelopment need to be further investigated. Future studies should use a prospective design with multiple biological samples collected over time for better assessment of exposure and its critical windows. Additionally, inclusion of potential confounding factors and co-exposures is crucial.
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Environmental exposure to non-persistent endocrine disrupting chemicals and semen quality: An overview of the current epidemiological evidence

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Zamkowska D., Karwacka A., Jurewicz J., Radwan M.
International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health
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2018
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vol. 31
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issue 4
377-414
EN
Some of the recent publications have reported a decline in semen quality in the last few decades. This phenomenon is associated with environmental factors, particularly with exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). The aim of this publication is to critically review the literature on exposure to the following 6 ubiquitous environmental non-persistent EDCs: bisphenol A, triclosan, parabens, synthetic pyrethroids, organophosphate pesticides and phthalates, and on their influence on semen quality measured as sperm concentration, sperm volume, total sperm count, motility, total motile count, morphology, sperm motion, sperm DNA damage (comet extent, tail length, tail distributed moment, percent of DNA located in the tail (tail%), DNA fragmentation index, high DNA stainability, X:Y ratio and aneuploidy. Several electronic databases were systematically searched until 31 August 2016. Studies were qualified for the review if they: linked environmental exposure to non-persistent EDCs to semen quality outcomes, were published in English after 2006 (and, in the case of phthalates, if they were published after 2009) and were conducted in the case of humans. Out of the 970 references, 45 articles were included in the review. This review adds to the body of evidence that exposure to non-persistent EDCs may affect semen quality parameters and decrease semen quality. Int J Occup Med Environ Health 2018;31(4):377–414
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Environmental non-persistent endocrine-disrupting chemicals exposure and reproductive hormones levels in adult men

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Dziewirska E., Hanke W., Jurewicz J.
International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health
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2018
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vol. 31
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issue 5
551-573
EN
Non-persistent endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are exogenous, man-made substances present in the environment that may interfere with the natural human hormones and may exert adverse consequences on human organism. Endocrinedisrupting chemicals have been suspected to be associated with altered reproductive function in the case of males and females. Environmental endocrine-disrupting non-persistent chemicals like parabens, phthalates, bisphenol A (BPA), synthetic pyrethroids and organophosphate pesticides are found in various products such as metal food cans, plastic bottles, detergents, personal care products or chemicals used for fighting against insects. The widespread distribution of these chemicals causes that humans are permanently exposed through multiple sources. The aim of this review is to summarize data linking non-persistent endocrine-disrupting chemicals exposure, and human, male reproductive hormones levels. The included studies were selected by searched PubMed, Web of Science and MEDLINE, original papers published from 2006 to 2016 and referring to human data were included to the review. The results of reviewed studies were not consistent, however, majority of the studies indicated that non-persistent EDCs may affect male reproductive hormones levels. Most findings suggest that exposure to environmental EDCs is negatively related to the level of testosterone (except for exposure to BPA which is positively associated). In most of the studies negative association was found between exposure to examined EDCs and free androgen index, too. Considering the suggested health effect of exposure to EDCs, more epidemiological data is needed. Int J Occup Med Environ Health 2018;31(5):551–573
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Occupational exposure to ionizing radiation and lens opacity in interventional cardiologists

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Domienik-Andrzejewska J., Kałużny P., Piernik G., Jurewicz J.
International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health
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2019
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vol. 32
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issue 5
663-675
EN
Objectives Interventional cardiologists (ICs) are occupationally exposed to low or moderate doses of ionizing radiation from repeated exposures. It is not clear whether these occupational conditions may affect their eye lens. Therefore, the risk of radiation-induced cataract in the cohort of Polish interventional cardiologists is analyzed in this paper. Material and Methods The study group consisted of 69 interventional cardiologists and 78 control individuals occupationally unexposed to ionizing radiation. The eye lens opacities were examined using a slit camera and evaluated with Lens Opacities Grading System III. Cumulative eye lens doses were estimated retrospectively using a questionnaire including data on occupational history. Results The average cumulative dose to the left and right eye lens of the ICs was 224 mSv and 85 mSv, respectively. Nuclear opalescence and nuclear color opacities in the most exposed left eye were found in 38% of the ICS for both types, and in 47% and 42% of the controls, respectively. Cortical opacities were found in 25% of the ICS and 29% of the controls. Posterior subcapsular opacities were rare: about 7% in the ICs group and 6% in the control group. Overall, there was some, but statistically insignificant, increase in the risk for opacity in the ICs group, relative to the control group, after adjusting for the subjects’ age, gender, smoking status and medical exposure (adjusted OR = 1.47, 95% CI: 0.62–3.59 for the pooled “any-eye any-type” opacity). There was also no evidence for an increased opacity risk with an increase in the dose. Conclusions The study found no statistically significant evidence against the hypothesis that the risk of cataract in the group of the ICs occupationally exposed to low doses of ionizing radiation is the same as in the control group. Nevertheless, the adverse effect of ionizing radiation still cannot be excluded due to a relatively small study sample size. Int J Occup Med Environ Health. 2019;32(5):663–75
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Exposure to environmental and lifestyle factors and attention-deficit / hyperactivity disorder in children - A review of epidemiological studies

51%
Polańska K., Jurewicz J., Hanke W.
International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health
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2012
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vol. 25
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issue 4
330-355
EN
Attention-defi cit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common neurodevelopmental disorders in children. Although the mechanisms that lead to the development of ADHD remain unclear, genetic and environmental factors have been implicated. These include heavy metals and chemical exposures, nutritional and lifestyle/psychosocial factors. The aim of this review was to investigate the association between ADHD or ADHD-related symptoms and widespread environmental factors such as phthalates, bisphenol A (BPA), tobacco smoke, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polyfl uoroalkyl chemicals (PFCs) and alcohol. Medline, PubMed and Ebsco search was performed to identify the studies which analyze the association of prenatal and postnatal child exposure to environmental toxicants and lifestyle factors and ADHD or ADHD-related symptoms. The review is restricted to human studies published since 2000 in English in peer reviewed journals. Despite much research has been done on the association between environmental risk factors and ADHD or ADHD symptoms, results are not consistent. Most studies in this fi eld, focused on exposure to tobacco smoke, found an association between that exposure and ADHD and ADHD symptoms. On the other hand, the impact of phthalates, BPA, PFCs, PAHs and alcohol is less frequently investigated and does not allow a fi rm conclusion regarding the association with the outcomes of interest.
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Exposure to widespread environmental toxicants and children’s cognitive development and behavioral problems

51%
Jurewicz J., Polańska K., Hanke W.
International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health
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2013
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vol. 26
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issue 2
185-204
EN
Nowadays a special attention is focused on prenatal and childhood exposures to a variety of contaminants in the environment, especially toxicants widely present in the environment and their impact on children's health and neurodevelopment. This article aims at evaluating the impact of exposure to several widespread toxicants including: polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), phthalates, bisphenol A, brominated flame retardants and gas cooking on children's cognitive development and behavioral problems by reviewing most recent published literature. Epidemiological studies focusing on exposure to widespread toxicants and children's development for the last eleven years were identified by a search of the PubMed, Medline, Ebsco and Toxnet literature bases. The combination of following key words was used: 1) referring to the exposure: pregnancy, prenatal exposure, postnatal exposure, gas cooking, exposure to phthalates, bisphenol A, brominated flame retardants, PAHs and 2) referring to outcome: neurodevelopment, neurobehavior, psychomotor development, behavioral problems, cognitive development, mental health, school achievements, learning abilities. The results from the presented studies suggest that there are strong and rather consistent indications that the developing nervous system is particularly vulnerable to insult from low levels of exposure to widespread environmental contaminants such as: phthalates, bisphenol A, brominated flame retardants, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, gas cooking. Considering the suggested health effects, more epidemiologic data is urgently needed and, in the meantime, precautionary policies must be implemented.
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Aktywność zawodowa w czasie ciąży na podstawie badania "Polska Kohorta Matka–Dziecko"

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Polańska K., Jurewicz J., Marcinkiewicz A., Makowiec-Dąbrowska T., Hanke W.
Medycyna Pracy
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2014
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vol. 65
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issue 1
65-72
EN
Background: In Poland conditions related to or aggravated by the pregnancy, childbirth or the puerperium are one of the most common causes of sickness absence. The aim of the study was to analyze the occupational activity pattern during pregnancy and to evaluate the determinants of pregnancy-related temporary work disability confirmed by medical certificate. Materials and Methods: The presented analysis is based on data collected under the Polish Mother and Child Cohort Study. The study population consisted of 954 women who reported occupational activity during pregnancy. All women participating in the study were interviewed 3 times during pregnancy. Detail information on occupational activity during pregnancy and occupational stress, based on the Subjective Work Characteristics Questionnaire, was collected from all women. Results: The pregnant women had been issued medical certificate of temporary work disability because of conditions related to or aggravated by the pregnancy, childbirth or by the puerperium at 16 week of gestation on average and did not continue their activities until the end of pregnancy. The statistically significant determinants of receiving such medical certificate in the first trimester of pregnancy (≤ 12 weeks of pregnancy) comprised poor health condition and complications during pregnancy (OR = 1.4; p = 0.01), lower education (OR = 2.4; p < 0.001), socio-economic status (OR = 9.6; p = 0.03), use of public transport to commute to work (OR = 2.7; p < 0.001), a longer work commute (OR = 1.4; p = 0.008) and a higher level of occupational stress (OR = 3.0; p < 0.01). Waitresses, nurses and saleswomen received medical certificate of temporary work disability in the first trimester of pregnancy more frequently than office workers (OR = 4.2; p = 0.005; OR = 3.3; p = 0.02; OR = 2.3; p < 0.001 respectively). Conclusions: It is crucial to develop the model of cooperation between occupational medicine physicians and gynecologists and a greater involvement of the former in the prophylactic care of occupationally active pregnant women. It is also important to increase the employers' awareness of potential risks and arduousness at work to assure working conditions safe for the pregnancy outcome and health of both women and their babies. Med Pr 2014;65(1):65–72
PL
Wstęp: W Polsce powikłania ciąży, porodu i połogu stanowią jedną z najczęstszych przyczyn absencji chorobowej. Celem badania była ocena przebiegu pracy zawodowej kobiet ciężarnych ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem czynników determinujących czasową niezdolność do pracy w czasie ciąży potwierdzoną orzeczeniem lekarskim. Materiał i metody: Podstawę analiz dotyczących aktywności zawodowej w ciąży stanowiło badanie „Polska Kohorta Matka–Dziecko". Analizą objęto dane 954 pracujących kobiet ciężarnych. Z kobietami włączonymi do badania przeprowadzony został wywiad kwestionariuszowy (3-krotnie w czasie trwania ciąży) ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem przebiegu pracy zawodowej oraz oceny poziomu stresu zawodowego na podstawie Kwestionariusza do Subiektywnej Oceny Pracy. Wyniki: Kobiety ciężarne zaprzestawały pracy zawodowej na skutek orzeczenia lekarskiego o czasowej niezdolności do pracy średnio w 16 tygodniu ciąży i nie kontynuowały tej aktywności do końca trwania ciąży. W badanej grupie kobiet zaprzestających zatrudnienia (≤ 12 tygodnia ciąży) na podstawie orzeczenia o czasowej niezdolności do pracy stwierdzono niższy poziom wykształcenia (OR = 2,4; p < 0,001) i gorszy status ekonomiczny (OR = 9,6; p = 0,03). Kobiety te częściej dojeżdżały do pracy komunikacją miejską (OR = 2,7; p < 0,001), dłuższy czas poświęcały na dojazd do pracy (OR = 1,4; p = 0,008) oraz deklarowały wysoki poziom stresu zawodowego (OR = 3,0; p < 0,01). Istotnie częściej orzeczenie lekarskie o czasowej niezdolności do pracy w pierwszym trymestrze ciąży otrzymywały kelnerki (OR = 4,2; p = 0,005), pielęgniarki (OR = 3,3; p = 0,02) oraz osoby pracujące w handlu (OR = 2,3; p < 0,001) w porównaniu z kobietami wykonującymi prace biurowe. Wnioski: Przedstawione dane wskazują na konieczność wypracowania modelu współpracy pomiędzy lekarzem medycyny pracy i ginekologiem oraz większego zaangażowania tego pierwszego w opiekę profilaktyczną nad pracującą kobietą ciężarną. Istotne znaczenie ma również zwiększenie świadomości pracodawców odnośnie do potencjalnych zagrożeń i uciążliwości w miejscu pracy w celu stworzenia warunków pracy bezpiecznych dla przebiegu i wyniku ciąży oraz stanu zdrowia kobiety ciężarnej. Med. Pr. 2014;65(1):65–72
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Polish mother and child cohort study (REPRO_PL) - Methodology of follow-up of the children

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Polańska K., Hanke W., Jurewicz J., Sobala W., Madsen C., Nafstad P., Magnus P.
International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health
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2011
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vol. 24
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issue 4
391-398
EN
Background: A prospective cohort study design gives the opportunity for identifi cation, update of different exposures and their verifi cation by biomarker measurements. The aim of The Polish Mother and Child Cohort Study (REPRO_PL) is to evaluate the impact of exposure to different environmental factors during pregnancy and, after birth, on the pregnancy outcome, children’s health and neurodevelopment. Materials and Methods: REPRO_PL cohort was established in 2007. From the cohort of 1300 mother-child pairs, 300 children are followed-up until they are two years old to asses the exposure, health status and neurodevelopment. Children are examined twice: at one and two years of age by a pediatrician and a psychologist/child development specialist. During each visit, detailed questionnaire is conducted with the mothers and supplemented with the information from the medical charts to have appropriate recognition of the child’s health and development. Additionally, the current health status of the child is checked and his/her biometry is performed. A urine sample is collected from each child for the verifi cation of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) exposure. Some children have a blood sample collected for the assessment of the lead and cadmium levels. Child’s neurodevelopment is assessed based on Bayley Scales for Infant and Toddler Development (Bayley-III). Results and Conclusions: The results of the study will become available within the next few years and will help to determine the impact of the environmental exposures on children’s health and neurodevelopment. REPRO_PL cohort is a middle-sized cohort, very much focused on specific research questions with the potential for future extension and cooperation.
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Distribution of sleep components while working remotely

39%
Janc M., Jankowska A., Jozwiak Z., Makowiec-Dabrowska T., Jurewicz J., Polanska K.
International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health
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2024
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vol. 37
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issue 1
34-44
EN
Objectives The circadian system is the main regulator of almost all human physiological processes. The aim of this study was to assess sleep in the working population, in relation to the share of remote working. Material and Methods An online survey was conducted among students and staff representing 3 universities in Łódź, Poland (N = 1209). The participants were divided into 3 groups according to the percentage of time they worked remotely. Group I consisted of respondents performing tasks remotely for ≤45% of their working time; group II included respondents performing their duties remotely for >45–75% of their working time, and group III included those working >75% of their time remotely. Results performing their duties remotely for >45–75% of their working time, and group III included those working >75% of their time remotely. Results: In the study, the authors found the association between the length of time spent on a computer, the percentage of time working remotely, and the occurrence of physical symptoms and the prevalence of sleep disorders. The most significant difference between working days and days off in terms of the mid-point of sleep (1.5 h) was observed in group I, where there was the greatest variability in the form of work performance. The participants who worked most of their time remotely (group III) shifted their bedtime to midnight, both on working days and on days off. Conclusions The study highlights that increased remote computer use leads to a shift in sleeping patterns towards midnight. The participants with later midpoint of sleep hours were found to have a higher incidence of sleep disorders. The prevalence of sleep disorders was significantly impacted by prolonged mobile phone use before bedtime and long hours of computer use. Thus, limiting both the time spent in front of a computer and the use of mobile phones before bedtime is recommended.
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Children’s residential exposure to selected allergens and microbial indicators: endotoxins and (1→3)-β-D-glucans

33%
Kozajda A., Bródka K., Sowiak M., Sobala W., Polańska K., Jurewicz J., Hanke W., Szadkowska-Stańczyk I.
International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health
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2013
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vol. 26
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issue 6
870-889
EN
Objectives: The study was aimed at assessment of exposure to endotoxins, (1→3)-β-D-glucans and mite, cockroach, cat, dog allergens present in settled dust in premises of children as agents which may be significantly correlated with the occurrence of allergic symptoms and diseases in children. Materials and Methods: The study covered 50 homes of one- or two-year-old children in Poland. Samples of settled dust were taken from the floor and the child's bed. The levels of (1→3)-β-D-glucans (floor), endotoxins (floor) and allergens of mite, cat, dog and cockroach (floor and bed) were analyzed. Results: Average geometric concentrations (geometric standard deviation) of endotoxins, (1→3)-β-D-glucans, Der p1, Fel d1, Can f1 and Bla g1 in children homes were on the floor 42 166.0 EU/g (3.2), 20 478.4 ng/g (2.38), 93.9 ng/g (6.58), 119.8 ng/g (13.0), 288.9 ng/g (3.4), 0.72 U/g (4.4) and in their beds (only allergens) 597.8 ng/g (14.2), 54.1 ng/g (4.4), 158.6 ng/g (3.1) 0.6 U/g (2.9), respectively. When the floor was covered with the carpet, higher concentrations of endotoxins, (1→3)-β-D-glucans and allergens (each type) were found in the settled dust (p < 0.05). The trend was opposite in case of allergens (except dog) analyzed from bed dust and significantly higher concentrations were found in the rooms with smooth floor (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Among the analyzed factors only the type of floor significantly modified both the level of biological indicators and allergens. The results of this study could be the base for verifying a hypothesis that carpeting may have a protective role against high levels of cockroach, dog and cat allergens.
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Association between a biomarker of exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and semen quality

33%
Jurewicz J., Radwan M., Sobala W., Brzeźnicki S., Ligocka D., Radwan P., Bochenek M., Hanke W.
International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health
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2013
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vol. 26
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issue 5
790-801
EN
Objectives: Growing evidence supports the reproductive and developmental toxicity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from prenatal and postnatal exposure, but the results of epidemiological studies regarding harmful effects of PAHs exposure on male reproductive system still remain limited and inconclusive. The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between 1-hydroxypyrene, a biomarker of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons exposure and semen quality. Materials and Methods: The study population consisted of 277 men attending an infertility clinic for diagnostic purposes and having normal semen concentration of 20-300 mln/ml or slight oligozoospermia (semen concentration: 15-20 mln/ml) (WHO 1999). All the men were healthy and under 45 years of age. All participants were interviewed and provided a semen sample. The interview included questions concerning demographics, socio-economic status, medical history related to past diseases which may have an impact on semen quality, lifestyle factors and occupational information. Concentrations of 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) in the urine samples were analyzed using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Results: A positive association was found between the level of 1-OHP in urine and sperm neck abnormalities as well as the percentage of static sperm cells (p = 0.001, p = 0.018, respectively). Additionally, exposure to PAHs measured by 1-OHP in urine decreased semen volume and the percentage of motile sperm cells (p = 0.014, p = 0.0001, respectively). Conclusions: Presented findings indicate that the environmental level of PAHs exposure adversely affects male semen quality. The future large-scale studies should incorporate different biomarkers to generate a more accurate and full assessment of the effects of PAHs exposure on male fertility.
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