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PL
Literatura a film – problemy adaptacji filmowej dzieł literackich na przykładzie ekranizacji powieści Ericha Marii Remarka
DE
The controversy and disputes which appeared in the Polish literary criticism of the 1930s after the publication of the Polish version of Remarque's famous novel „All Quiet on the Western Front“ were based on specified political grounds. The National Democratic press, for instance, was entirely against Remarque's book and would demand to have it banned altogether. The response of the military magazines was more differentiated. The author was reproached with commonplaceness and „Germanic fetor“, however, on the other hand, he was praised for describing the firmness of the German soldiers, the sense of comradeship and the exemplary attitude of the privates towards the officers. The literary critics of the communist orientation, clustered around „Literary Monthly“ (Wat, Zawadzki) emphatically refused to acknowledge the book, which was a consequence of their total rejection of the pacifist literature of that time. This point was argued by the representatives of the liberal and pacifist intellectuals who generally approved of the book, some being even enthusiastic about it (eg. Stempowski). In this way, the polarity of political attitudes of the recipients became more apparent (vide Wat-Słonimski polemics). Thanks to it, Remarque's novel became, in a way, a „gauge“ and, at the same time, a catalyst of the public feeling of the Polish intellectuals in the early 1930s.
EN
The reception of Thomas Mann in Poland confirms its special nature, involving a very high degree of transforming processing and extraordinary creativity. It is true that the author of The Magic Mountain, and only he is and was considered in Poland as the German intellectual of the twentieth century par excellence. The more that in the case of this exceptional writer prominent Polish artists and creators of the culture didn’t succumb to a superficial and short-lived fascination, but rather they transformed the threads of his works and artistic biography in a highly productive process. Often there was no exaggeration to say about the "reinterpretation" or even a sort of "over-interpretation" of several biographical and literary motifs. The reception of Thomas Mann was not and is not merely occasional reception at most of an academic character. The rank and importance of eminent Polish writers, literary critics, translators and literary critics presented in the article show in best way the creativity of Polish references and positions taking to Thomas Mann and his work. No other of his novel can compete because of his inspiring role to a permanent creative activity reception area with regard to Magic Mountain. The newest and best prove for it is dating back to 2015 as two adaptation attempts of the novel in the form of opera and theatrical performance were in Poland discussed and extensively commented in the press and on the Internet and finally awarded with major prizes.
DE
The reception of Thomas Mann in Poland confirms its special nature, involving a very high degree of transforming processing and extraordinary creativity. It is true that the author of The Magic Mountain, and only he is and was considered in Poland as the German intellectual of the twentieth century par excellence. The more that in the case of this exceptional writer prominent Polish artists and creators of the culture didn’t succumb to a superficial and short-lived fascination, but rather they transformed the threads of his works and artistic biography in a highly productive process. Often there was no exaggeration to say about the "reinterpretation" or even a sort of "over-interpretation" of several biographical and literary motifs.The reception of Thomas Mann was not and is not merely occasional reception at most of an academic character. The rank and importance of eminent Polish writers, literary critics, translators and literary critics presented in the article show in best way the creativity of Polish references and positions taking to Thomas Mann and his work. No other of his novel can compete because of his inspiring role to a permanent creative activity reception area with regard to Magic Mountain. The newest and best prove for it is dating back to 2015 as two adaptation attempts of the novel in the form of opera and theatrical performance were in Poland discussed and extensively commented in the press and on the Internet and finally awarded with major prizes.
DE
The problem of purposefulness of creating historical novels and problems connected with their artistic shape became the subject of critical-literary debate carried on in the 30's of this century in Poland. The people taking part in debates connected their own reflections and thoughts on this subject quite often with critical discussion of the selected historical novels of German emigration writers: Thomas Mann, Alfred Döblin, Alfred Neumann, Lion Feuchtwanger, Hermann Kesten and Henry Mann. The first critical opinions after “Henry IV” was published were typical of Polish literary criticism of those years - it was under great influence of French literature and culture. It is worth mentioning that the genre, i. e. historical novel was distinctly determined, in contradistinction to the then popular biographical novel, by the first reviewers (among others Karol Irzykowski). After the Second World War Henry Mann's novel was published several times. Its critical reviews, especially those written at the beginning of the 50's were, however, written from the point of view of doctrinally understood socrealism and contained numerous simplifications and shallowing of the complex problems of the novel. “Weltanschauung weaknesses” were reproached and the reviewers said how it might be better written. This attitude changed in principle in the second half of the 50's. Henry Mann's innovations were begun to be perceived in confrontation with the real invasion of fashionable biographical novels at this time in Europe. The authors of critical reviews thought that Mann opposed the temptation of making the past up to date, he also avoided excessive psychologism. In Polish German studies Henry Mann's novel was treated only marginally.
DE
The most important evidence of an intensive influence of this outstanding humanistic work of Lessing beyond the free-mason milieu was the creative reception of free-masonic conversations by Herder, Friedrich Schlegel, and Fichte. Already in the early phase of reception this work was used for the radical political goals in the Enlightenment ideology of the Order of llluminates by Adam Weishaupt. Another variant of ideological-political instrumentalization was the revolutionary-socialist reception among the German communists who lived as emigrants in Paris. The fundamental trend of this reception was undertaken and developed by the later Marxist interpreters (Mehring). Ideological one-sidedness of this kind of reception was relativized by the authors of works on the study of literature who presented more varied and balanced opinions.
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