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EN
Artykuł poświęcony jest różnym aspektom normy w logopedii. Celem założonym w artykule jest wskazanie złożoności poruszanej problematyki. Autorka rozważa uwarunkowania zachowań językowych i komunikacyjnych oraz związane z nimi sposoby opisu normy. Odnosi się do językowego, biologicznego i psychologicznego ujęcia normy. Wiedzę i doświadczenie pozwalające na uzgodnienie znaczeń dotyczących nazw zaburzeń, uwzględnienie interdyscyplinarnych sposobów definiowania normy traktuje jako niezbędny warunek poprawnej diagnozy i terapii osób z zaburzeniami mowy o różnej etiologii. Z tego wynika istotność zapewnienia odpowiednich standardów kształcenia, przygotowującego do samodzielnego, trafnego i rzetelnego diagnozowania i usprawniania logopedycznego.
PL
The article discusses various concepts of the norm in speech-language therapy. The aim of the article is to present the complexity of the topic. The author considers various determinants of linguistic and communicative behaviour in the verbal form and the related methods of describing the norm. The essential requirement for correct diagnosis and therapy of persons with speech disorders of various aetiologies is knowledge and experience sufficient to determine the meaning of individual terms designating the disorders, taking into account interdisciplinary methods of defining the norm. This explains also the importance of ensuring proper standards of education allowing to perform independent, correct and reliable diagnosis and speech-language therapy.
EN
This paper presents the formation process of the notion of phoneme in the structural and functional model. Biopsychic considerations of the notion’s formation are presented with relations between perception and oral motor skills taken into account.
EN
Aim of the research: interdisciplinary description of functioning of lexical connections in a patient with spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA-type1). There is little research on lexical networks in patients with neurodegenerative diseases. Procedure: the subject was asked to give associations to 63 stimuli-lexemes. Tools used in the study: the Experimental lexical network of the Polish language, a digital recorder, an Olympus 650 DM. The Experimental lexical network was developed by Izabela Gatkowska (2017). It was created as a result of the study concerning the associations of 900 healthy Polish-speaking adults. Utterances of the subject were recorded, transcribed and compared with standard data. Results: the reactions of the subject were different from the associations presented in the Experimental lexical network. The most common verbal reactions were: creating definitions of stimuli-word meanings or making comment on them. Associations created by the subject were based on paradigmatic or syntagmatic relations. The authors explain how the specific verbal behaviour of the subject is related to the cognitive and language dysfunctions caused by the cerebellar damages. The results showed that language processing should not be regarded as separate from other cognitive functions. Verbal reactions of the subject are slightly similar to aphasic symptoms, but mostly they are related to cerebellar damage and executive disorders. The results obtained proved the validity of the connection between linguistic and psychological methods and tools in studies which concern the language behaviour of patients with neurodegenerative diseases.
EN
This paper describes the theoretical bases of diagnosis and therapy of speech disorders in persons with extrapyramidal system disorders. It demonstrates the influence of the disorders on linguistic and communication behaviours of patients. The complexity of motor, emotional and cognitive considerations forming their speech are also described here.
EN
The text describes the variability and flexibility of speech-language diagnostic procedures which are adjusted to special needs of patients of neurological ward. The authors use tools that have been specifically developed by them. The diagnostic procedure includes: case history, short conversation, the speech-language abilities assessment (creating and understanding of verbal messages), preliminary assessment of speech abilities using deliberately prepared words and sentences, non-verbal capacities evaluation, primary functions assessment. The authors share the clinical and experimental approach to the speech-language diagnosis and justify the designated procedure for the preliminary speech-language diagnosis. They also underscore the complexity of the connections between biopsychic and environmental factors that can influence the process of speech-language diagnosis process.
PL
Tekst obrazuje zróżnicowanie i elastyczność logopedycznego postępowania diagnostycznego dostosowanego do specyficznych potrzeb osób badanych na oddziale neurologicznym. Autorki wykorzystują podejście eksperymentalno-kliniczne z użyciem opracowanych przez siebie narzędzi badawczych. Prezentują schemat postępowania diagnostycznego obejmującego: skrócony wywiad logopedyczny lub rozmowę z badanym, ocenę możliwości językowych (tworzenia i odbioru komunikatów słownych), wstępną ocenę możliwości realizacyjnych z użyciem materiału wyrazowego lub zdaniowego, ocenę sprawności niewerbalnej artykulatorów oraz ocenę funkcji prymarnych. Autorki uzasadniają przyjęty sposób wstępnej diagnozy logopedycznej. Podkreślają złożoność powiązań między sposobem funkcjonowania komunikacyjnego chorych a indywidualnymi uwarunkowaniami biopsychicznymi i warunkami środowiskowymi wpływającymi na przebieg procesu diagnozy.
EN
This article presents case studies of the relative ability of two subjects (OB1 and OB2) to make lexical associations; they have spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 and Parkinson’s disease, respectively. Test method: subjects gave associations (orally, with no time limit) to 63 verbal stimuli presented on a computer screen. Verbal stimuli were selected from Gatkowska’s experimental study (Gatkowska 2017). Responses were recorded on an Olympus 650 digital voice recorder, then analysed linguistically and psychologically. Results: psychological analysis – subjects within intellectual norm (Raven’s Matrices test), dysarthric disorder, difficulty in implementing instructions. Linguistic analysis: OB1 – predominance of paradigmatic relations (hyponymy, meronymy, synonymy) over syntagmatic relations (difficulty building context), lack of causality. OB2 – richer paradigmatic relations (hyponymy, meronymy, synonymy, antonymy, complementarity), syntagmatic relations diverse. Conclusions: possible complex background of anguage disorders (executive, emotional), higher level of language functioning of OB2 compared to OB1. The study illustrates the need for an interdisciplinary and holistic approach in diagnostic and therapeutic management.
PL
Artykuł przedstawia różnice w poziomie funkcjonowania powiązań leksykalnych dwóch badanych (OB1 i OB2): OB1 – badany z ataksją rdzeniowo-móżdżkową typu 1 (SCA-1), OB2 – badany z chorobą Parkinsona (ch. P.). Metoda badania: badani podawali ustnie, bez limitu czasu skojarzenia do 63 bodźców słownych prezentowanych na ekranie komputera. Bodźce słowne pozyskano w badaniach eksperymentalnych Gatkowskiej (Gatkowska 2017). Realizacje nagrano na dyktafon cyfrowy Olympus 650, następnie zanalizowano lingwistycznie i psychologicznie. Wyniki: analiza psychologiczna – badani w normie intelektualnej (test Matryc Ravena), zaburzenia dyzartryczne, trudności w realizacji instrukcji. Analiza lingwistyczna: OB1 – przewaga relacji paradygmatycznych (hiponimii, meronimii, synonimii) nad syntagmatycznymi (trudność w budowaniu kontekstu), brak przyczynowości. OB2 ― bogatsze relacje paradygmatyczne (hiponimia, meronimia, synonimia, antonimia, komplementarność), relacje syntagmatyczne różnorodne. Wnioski: możliwe złożone podłoże zaburzeń językowych (dysfunkcje wykonawcze, emocjonalne), wyższy poziom funkcjonowania językowego OB2 niż OB1. Konieczne podejście interdyscyplinarne, holistyczne w postępowaniu diagnostyczno-terapeutycznym.
EN
This article presents a discussion on the results of the research on the staccato phonation conducted as part of the pilot study intended to establish phonation time norms in Polish-speaking adults. The analysed data were excerpted from a selected group of 12 women. Statistical analyses served the purpose of identifying potential differences between the results of tasks concerning the staccato phonation of selected Polish sounds, the staccato phonation and the legato phonation, and determining the correlation between staccato and other language tasks. The interpretation of the results of the research as proposed in the text refers to the observations regarding the task performance method, e.g. differences in the duration of pauses in the language tasks compared to the staccato phonation tasks, diversities related to the sound realisation time and method in the language tasks and in the staccato phonation task.
EN
It is extremely important for the disabled people who have serious diffi culties communicating in a phonic language to be able to interact with the environment. The tools and aids available on the market are, however, often beyond an individual user’s fi nancial capacity or are not adapted to the needs of adults. This paper presents the principles for selecting vocabulary to match tools serving the purpose of augmentative and alternative communication as well as the vocabulary and rules for its combination in utterances, which should be introduced at the fi rst, initial, stage of implementing this means of communication. The excerpted vocabulary will be applicable mainly in the case of people with major limitations of communication, who have not used such tools yet (AAC systems) and who have required such a support since recently and as a result of an emergency
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