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PL
Mijające 65 lat funkcjonowania międzynarodowych trybunałów karnych i kształtującej się w toku ich pracy doktryny prawa międzynarodowego karnego jest okazją do refleksji nad ich dotychczasowym dorobkiem. W artykule został przedstawiony przegląd międzynarodowych trybunałów karnych ze wskazaniem na charakter stosowanych przez te instytucje sankcji.
EN
The judgment delivered by the International Military Tribunal (IMT) in October 1946, marked the birth of an international criminal justice system, the system which is now just over 65 years old. On this occasion a global debate on the doctrine of international criminal law and on the functioning of international courts and tribunals has been initiated. The goal of this article is to contribute to those deliberations by comparing sanctions envisioned in the statutes of international tribunals and, as a result, applied by them.
PL
The article discusses the issues related to the knowledge of the regional phraseology among present-day users of the local Poznań dialect. The research material is excerpted from a survey conducted among 120 local inhabitants within the age bracket of 15–87. Based on the results of the survey it is fair to conclude that the level of usage of the discussed phaseological units is highly dependent on the age of respondents, with the group of middle-aged people having the highest competence in the usage of dialectal forms. The most widely used expressions and phrases include those that describe the properties of human beings – physical and mental features and one’s behaviour or activities. The examination of the collected material allows us to compare the frequency within particular groups of phraseologisms that can be distinguished in the local dialect. It turns out that the most stable word groups are those units that have their counterparts in standard Polish, whereas the least stable are loan translations and the paraphrases from the German language. The article also indicates the similarities between the semantic structure of the phrasological layer in Poznań dialect and the structure of Polish colloquial vocabulary.
EN
On 25 January 2012 the European Commission proposed a comprehensive reform of the EC 1995 data protection rules. The need for this reform can be explained by rising impact of IT technologies on our lives; astounding capabilities of modern technologies; increased globalization of data flows and access to personal data by law enforcement authorities by means of electronic data basis. What is more, at the time when the old directive was adopted, the Internet barely existed. Nowadays, however, reality data processing is taking place on websites, search engines and social networks. That is why the aim of the new legislative acts proposed by the Commission is to, broadly speaking, dealiniate the liability of - on one hand - internet users and - on the other - internet providers. This paper discusses data protection tools introduced by the European Commission; firstly, the European legal framework for data protection; secondly, the possible ways aimed at reinforcement of rights of data subjects, e.g. the definition of consent; thirdly, enhancement of responsibility of controllers and processors as well as liability of internet users and internet data providers in the context of the right to be forgotten; and finally the European case law concerning liability of Internet users and Internet providers.
PL
25 stycznia 2012 roku Komisja Europejska zainicjowała proces reform unijnych przepisów ochrony danych osobowych motywowany ogromnym wpływem na ludzką egzystencję technologii teleinformatycznych, w szczególności Internetu. Umożliwia on niekontrolowany przepływ danych osobowych jego użytkowników w skali globalnej. Stąd, niezbędne jest, w opinii Komisji, doprecyzowanie odpowiedzialności - z jednej strony - użytkowników Internetu - z drugiej - jego dostawców, co zostało opisane w powyższym artykule.
EN
The article depicts the endavours of two American administrations of G.W Bush followed by the president Obama's second term at the office of the USA president aimed at reconciliation of - on one hand - the priority of honoring human rights protection guarantees; - on the other - applying appropriate security measures in the era of so called war on terror and afterwards. The described dilemmas are of crucial importance, especially, that in such circumstances the western (American as well as European) societies were increasingly committed to give priority to security measures at the expense of their human rights. It remains to be seen how the above mentioned dilemmas are to be resolved.
PL
W artykule został przedstawiony związek pomiędzy prawami człowieka a bezpieczeństwem w kontekście decyzji podejmowanych przez dwie amerykańskie administracje: Georga W. Busha, który w reakcji na atak z 11 września 2001 r., rozpoczął antyterrorystyczną krucjatę; Baracka Obamy – anty-Busha, który w swej kampanii prezydenckiej z 2008 roku akcentował nadużycia swego rywala w postaci zwiększenia uprawnień prezydenta USA, co skutkowało m.in. niekontrolowaną inwigilacją Amerykanów, utworzeniem w różnych krajach, m.in. jak się domniemuje na terenie Rzeczpospolitej Polskiej, sieci tajnych miejsc odosobnienia, w celu pozyskiwania informacji z pomocą niedozwolonych środków przymusu.
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