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EN
The paper characterises the annual and monthly precipitation recorded in the Polish Carpathian Mountains in 2010 against a wider background of the period 1881–2010. Monthly precipitation totals were taken as the input data covering the period 1881–2010 and recorded at 11 stations, including: Wisła, Bielsko-Biała, Żywiec, Maków Podhalański, Zakopane, Nowy Sącz, Krynica, Jasło, Dukla, Sanok and Wetlina. The study demonstrates that the precipitation totals of 2010 were among the highest during the period and their anomaly was either high or extremely high, depending on the criterion adopted. The highest totals were recorded in the Beskid Śląski, Beskid Żywiecki and Beskid Mały ranges, in the Silesian Foothills and in the Tatras. When compared to the long-term average, the totals of 2010 ranged from 139% in Maków Podhalański and Wetlina to 159% in Nowy Sącz. At five of the stations the precipitation totals were the highest of the period. At all of the stations the monthly totals between May and September were higher than average and at all but one station (Jasło) the combined total of these months was the highest during the long-term period constituting between 72% (Wetlina) and 79% (Nowy Sącz) of the annual total in 2010. There was a difference between the eastern and western part of the study area in the monthly pattern. May yielded very high totals at all stations, including the highest of the long-term period at eight of them, constituting between 259% (Jasło, Dukla) and 497% (Żywiec) of the longterm average. At the other end of the spectrum, the October totals were anomalously low. An increased incidence of cyclonic circulation types was accountable for the high precipitation totals recorded in southern Poland in 2010.
EN
The main issues of this article are various references of Russian writers to the Bible that has a huge meaning and status in Russian culture. Such writers as repre- sentatives of „first wave” of emigration Boris Zaitsev, Ivan Shmelov, Aleksei Re- mizov, they use biblical material in orthodox, canonical way, what means that they do not change intention of the source. As well they paraphrase the Bible what means that they interpret and change semantical meaning of source. To the first group of writers belong Zaitsev (The Txavel of Gleb) and Shmelov (The Yeax of Oux Loxd). To the second groupbelongs Remizov, who uses various techniques to transform the canonical text (Fistexs of the Cxoss). Remizov, however, does not change the Chris- tian meaning of text even when he modifies the text itself. Another writer, who was mentioned in the article, is Mikhail Bulhakov. He as well uses method of paraphrase in the biblical text. On account of lack of metaphysical horizon as well as not reli- gious meaning of the work The Mastex and Maxgaxita, the writer illustrates humanis- tic and cultural reception of the Bible, her apocryphal version.
EN
This article deals with the problems researched by Professor Ryszard Łużny in the field of Biblical studies. R. Łużny was the first Polish expert in Russian studies - or in fact in Slavic studies - to initiate literary reflection upon the Bible in the mid-1970s. When Łużny began his research, Poland was going through serious reforms, changes and substantial revisions of the political system. The author of this article focuses on depicting contexts which contributed to R. Łużny's literary Biblical studies. This latter activity translated onto a variety of his actions: his publications and his organization of scientific conferences. All these concentrated on the relation between literature and the Bible, beginning with reflection on the Russian verbal, folklore literature and ending with his studies on the Russian literature of the 20th century. The article also shed light on R. Łużny's works on Ukrainian and Belarusan literatures between the 16th and the 18th century in the context of their relation to the Bible. The basic exponents of how Łużny understood literary Biblical studies are presented. These included: (1) The Bible as an archetype of literary art, (2) the Bible as a model for poetics, (3) the Bible as a model for Christian ethics .
EN
The Internet is one of the most important inventions of the 20th century. The virtualization of social life is a growing process. In this article the author examines memes via vegan and vegetarian perspectives to analyze how speciesism occurs in them.
EN
In the article issues connected with Józef Czapski’s personal acquaintances and meetings with Russian emigrant writers, as well as with ones concerning the reception of their work in the Polish writer’s essays are tackled. J. Czapski, an artist and essayist, made his acquaintance with Russian writers even in St Petersburg, where he met Dmitry Merezhkovsky, Zinaida Gippius and Dmitry Filosofov with whom he kept up acquaintance, or even friendship in Warsaw – in the 1920s with the Merezhkovskys, and in the 1930s with D. Filosofov. Czapski’s Russian contacts also involve meeting Aleksey Tolstoy and Anna Akhmatova. Owing to the Merezhkovsys and D. Filosofov the Polish writer was able to penetrate deeper into Russian literature with a definite ethical dimension, among others into works by Vasily Rosanov and Aleksey Remisov, whom he met personally and visited in Paris in the 1940s and 1950s. He contained his hermeneutic reflection on the writers’ works as well as accounts of his encounters with them in numerous essays, sketches and in his memorial fiction. Czapski also met Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn in Zürich in November 1974, where he represented, besides Jerzy Giedroyc, the circle of the Paris “Kultura”. As a writer of conscience and a searcher for the truth Czapski made a great contribution to the relations with Russian friend-emigrants; together with them he discovered, first of all, a different Russia, not only inhuman and cruel, but also one that has a face that is connected with religion, spirituality and Christian humanism.
PL
W artykule poruszone zostały zagadnienia bezpośrednich spotkań i znajomości Józefa Czapskiego z rosyjskimi pisarzami emigrantami, oraz recepcji ich twórczości w eseistyce polskiego twórcy, tworzonej głównie na emigracji w Paryżu. J. Czapski, malarz i eseista, zawarł znajomości z pisarzami rosyjskimi jeszcze w Petersburgu, tutaj poznał D. Mereżkowskiego, Z.Gippius i D. Fiłosofowa, z którymi kontynuował znajomość, a nawet przyjaźń już wWarszawie, w latach 20. z Mereżkowskimi, a w latach 30. nadal z Fiłosofowem. Rosyjskie kontakty to także spotkanie z A. Tołstojem i A. Achmatową. Dzięki Mereżkowskim iFiłosofowi polski twórca mógł wnikać głębiej w literaturę rosyjską o określonym etycznym wymiarze, m.in. twórczość W. Rozanowa, czy A. Riemizowa, którego osobiście poznał iodwiedzał już w Paryżu w latach 40. i 50. XX w. Relacje ze spotkań z pisarzami, jak też refleksję hermeneutyczną nad ich twórczością, zwłaszcza Rozanowa i Riemizowa, utrwalił wwielu esejach, szkicach i prozie wspomnieniowej. Czapski poznał również A. Sołżenicyna w listopadzie 1974 r. w Zurychu, występując jako reprezentant, obok J. Giedroycia, środowiska „Kultury” paryskiej. Czapski jako pisarz sumienia i poszukiwacz prawdy, zasłużył się wrelacjach z rosyjskimi przyjaciółmi emigrantami w odkrywaniu Rosji przede wszystkim innej, nie tylko nieludzkiej i okrutnej, ale odsłaniania jej oblicza związanego z religią, duchowością i humanizmem chrześcijańskim.
RU
В статье рассматривается проблема непосредственных и личных встреч Ю. Чапского с русскими писателями эмиграции, а также видение их творчества Чапским в его эссеистике, которая создавалась преимущественно в эмиграции. Чапский, польский художник, писатель и эссеист, познакомился еще в Петербурге с такими писателями, как Д. Мережковсий, З. Гиппиус, Д. Философов, с которыми он встречался и дружил в дальнейшем также в Варшаве, где они пребывали уже как эмигранты. С Мережковскими он общался в20-е гг., с Философовым еще и в 30-е гг. вплоть до его смерти. Русские контакты Чапского - это еше и встречи с А. Ахматовой и А. Н. Толстым. Благодаря Мережковскому, он смог познакомиться с творчеством В. Розанова и А. Ремизова, прозу которых он очень высоко ценил. Лично с Ремизовым Чапский общался в 40-е и 50-е годы в Париже. Вноябре 1974 г. Чапский познакомился также с А. Солженицыным во время пресс-конференции в Цюрихе, в которой принимал участие вместе с Е. Гедройчем как представитель среды парижской «Культуры». Ю. Чапский, писатель совести и правдоискатель, положил огромные заслуги для указания посредством личных встреч с писателями-эмигрантами, атакже своих эссе и очерков, иную Россию, не только страшную и нечеловеческую, но обнаружил ее облик связанный с религией, духовностью и христианским гуманизмом.
EN
In recent years, the use of new, innovative services, constituting a convenient alternative to traditional credit card payments or to standard account information services offered by banks has significantly increased. These changes demanded a more inclusive regulation of this market which would guarantee security to consumers and more clarity to the new providers of financial services. The Directive in question along with the Regulation introduce these changes, open the market and extend the regulation to many new providers of financial services. In the paper the bases for implementing the EU regulations are presented, as well as the most important of the introduced changes.
PL
W artykule poruszona została problematyka literatury rosyjskiej pod kątem jej znaczenia i statusu w kulturze i życiu społecznym. Skoncentrowano się więc na miejscu literatury w programach nauczania we wczesnych szkołach wyższych w Rosji (Akademia Kijowsko-Mohylańska, Akademia Słowiano-Grecko-Łacińska, Uniwersytet Moskiewski). W rozważaniach przedstawiono poza tym krótki zarys poszczególnych epok literackich w Rosji XVIII-XX wieku z punktu widzenia wysokiej pozycji i rangi literatury (literaturocentryzmu) w kulturze rosyjskiej. W ciągu rozwoju procesu historycznoliterackiego obserwuje się w Rosji wysokie waloryzowanie literatury, dostrzeganie w niej charakteru dydaktyczno-moralizatorskiego, idei służenia ojczyźnie i państwu, ducha opozycjonizmu i buntu, a także właściwą jej tendencję aksjologiczną, obecność pierwiastków duchowych i metafizyki. Przytoczone zostały również wypowiedzi niektórych krytyków, pisarzy i literaturoznawców na temat literatury w ogóle (J. Krzyżanowski, U. Eco, W. Iser) oraz oceny krytyczne, zarówno pozytywne, jak i nader negatywne, degradujące literaturę rosyjską (W. Bieliński, W. Rozanow, W. Chodasiewicz, W. Nabokow, A. Terc, M. Epsztein, I. Suchich, S. Rassadin).
RU
В статье рассматривается проблематика русской литературы с точки зрения ее значения и статуса в культуре и общественной жизни. Внимание сосредоточено в данных рассуждениях на позиции литературы в системе научной программы ранних высших учебных заведений (Киево-Могилянская академия, Славяно-греко-латинская академия, Московский университет). В статье дается сжатый обзор очередных литературных эпох, литературного процесса XVIII–XX веков в России. Автор сосредоточивается в основном на указании высокой роли и ранга литературы (литературоцентричности) в русской культуре. В ходе развития литературного процесса усматривается в литературе дидактически-назидательный характер, идея гражданского служения отечеству, оппозиционный и бунтарский дух, а также свойственная литературе аксиологическая перспектива, духовность и метафизика. Приводятся кроме того выбранные высказывания некоторых критиков, писателей и литературоведов на тему литературы вообще (Ю. Кжижановски, У. Эко, В. Исер), а также критические оценки, как положительные, так и сугубо отрицательные и деградирующие русскую литературу (В. Белинский, В. Розанов, В. Ходасевич, В. Набоков, А. Терц, М. Эпштейн, И. Сухих, С. Рассадин).
EN
The article discusses Russian literature and its impact on Russian cultural and social life. The author focuses on the role of literature in the educational programmes offered by early Russian universities (Kiyv-Mohyla Academy, Slavic Greek Latin Academy and Moscow State University). The article also outlines the sequence of literary epochs in Russia from the 18th to the 20th century in order to highlight the privileged status and the social prestige of literature (literature centrism) in Russian culture. Throughout its evolution period, Russian literature has evidently been held in high social esteem and recognized for its didactic and moralizing function; its patriotic motives of serving the country; its role in empowering resistance and dissent; and its characteristic axiological orientation, enriched with spiritual and metaphysical elements. The article also lays out ideas and opinions of critics, writers and literature researchers on literature in general (J. Krzyżanowski, U. Eco, W. Iser) along with a spectrum of appraisals regarding Russian literature – from positive to strongly negative ones (W. Bieliński, V. Rozanov, W. Chodasiewicz, V. Nabokov, A. Tertz, M. Epstein, I. Sukhikh, S. Rassadin).
Roczniki Humanistyczne
|
2020
|
vol. 68
|
issue 7
175-196
EN
This article is a commemorative description of the Institute of Slavonic Philology at the Catholic University of Lublin, on the occasion of its 30th anniversary, a description far from complete and one that is simplified and very subjective, but one given by a person who had the honour to participate in the creation and history of this institute which was organised entirely by Professor Ryszard Łużny according to his personal concepts of teaching and research, and who had the opportunity to help launch the faculty. Currently-after the previous evolution of this centre of didactics and academia-there has been somewhat of an involution, or rather changes to its organisation and programme of studies. The School of Applied Linguistics, created in the 2017/2018 academic year, is a completely different, autonomous didactic entity, which is to be wished every success with this opening up of a new chapter in the history of teaching and research.
PL
Jest to okolicznościowy, z okazji jubileuszu 30-lecia, opis Instytutu Filologii Słowiańskiej KUL, dalece niepełny, uproszczony i nader subiektywny, dany jednak przez osobę, która miała zaszczyt uczestniczyć w dziele powstawania i w historii tegoż instytutu, organizowanego w całości według własnej koncepcji dydaktycznej i badawczej przez prof. Ryszarda Łużnego, i w pewien sposób miała szansę pomagać przy uruchamianiu placówki. Obecnie – po niegdysiejszej ewolucji tego ośrodka dydaktyczno-naukowego – nastąpiła inwolucja, a raczej zmiany w jego pierwotnej wersji organizacyjnej i programowej. Utworzona w roku akademickim 2017/ 2018 „Lingwistyka stosowana” to zupełnie inny, autonomiczny byt dydaktyczny, któremu należy życzyć pomyślnego rozwoju i otwarcia nowej pozytywnej karty w historii dydaktyki i badań naukowych. Autorka zwraca uwagę na kilka istotnych znakowych kwestii w opisie 30-letniej historii Instytutu Filologii Słowiańskiej oraz na główne kierunki uprawianych w nim badań.
EN
In the article the author examines eleven textbooks used in the teaching of the Catholic religion, from year one of primary school to year three of high school. She focuses on a gender analysis of professional roles presented in the textbooks in question. The professional roles presented in them are those of adults (like teacher, doctor, priest, nun) and children (pupil, altar boy). Gender criticism is juxtaposed with the premises of Christian feminism as well as the Catholic Church’s personalist concept of upbringing.
EN
Cemeteries are the perfect example of a space where various spheres overlap with each other. There are intersections of such spheres as life/death, sacrum/profanum, public/private, individual/communal, sentimental/commercial in necropolises. The aim of this publication is to explore the private and public zones in pet cemeteries. Three popular films were analysed in the paper, namely: The Adams Family, Frankenweenie and Kochaj albo rzuć [Love or Leave]. In the analysis the author used an anthrozoological perspective which focuses on human and animals relations. Archeological studies show that animal burials are not a new idea, but a centuries-old tradition. On the other hand, sociological studies show that contemporary funeral industry is a really lucrative business. In two of the analysed films pet graves are in public pet cemeteries, in the third one animals are buried in a private, family necropolis.
PL
SINIAWSKI-TERC. LOS I DZIEŁO, CZYLI RODOWÓD INTELIGENTA Streszczenie W artykule poruszona została kwestia przynależności rosyjskiego pisarza, literaturoznawcy, krytyka literackiego, eseisty i myśliciela Andrieja Siniawskiego - Abrama Terca do pokolenia tzw. szestidiesiatników. Jednocześnie zwrócono uwagę na pewne aspekty inteligenckiego rodowodu pisarza, jakie można by uznać za pewną wspólną drogę pokolenia twórców tych lat (przełom lat 50. i 60.). Podkreślone zostały także zasługi i rola Siniawskiego w procesie historycznoliterackim Rosji Sowieckiej za sprawą jego prac krytycznych, a zwłaszcza traktatu Co to jest realizm socjalistyczny?, dekonstruującego socrealizm. Wyróżniającym kryterium poglądów pisarza jest jego szeroko pojmowana kategoria dysydentyzmu - jako aktu sprzeciwu i twórczej nieskrępowanej energii, prowadzącej do sztuki czystej i wolnej. SINYAVSKY-TERTZ. FORTUNE AND WORK, i.e. THE INTELLECTUAL`S GENEALOGY Summary The present article addresses the question if the Andrei Sinavsky - Abram Tertz, a Russian writer, literary critic, essayist, and thinker belonged to the group of so-called “shestidiesiatniki” (sixties’ generation). At the same time it is emphasized that some aspects of writer’s intellectual genealogy could be considered within a pattern, common for all authors of that period (the breakthrough of the fifties and sixties). Special attention is paid to the role Siynavsky played in describing the literary process of Russian and Soviet literature, particularly to his work, What’s the Socialist Realism?, in which he deconstructed socialist realism. One of the most distinctive categories that describe Sinyavsky is the category of dissident attitude,  understood as an act of objection and creative, untamed energy, essential in the process of creation of pure and free art.
EN
At the moment we are observing some disturbing phenomena in our country: social pathologies in different varieties (they are more and more often understood and treated like social problems by those who are astonished and angry with everyday life; crisis of authorities in many spheres of interhuman life is more and more often defined as a testimony of what is “going wrong in the Danish state.” The number of people affected by progressive pauperisation is growing, there is a large group of unemployed the population of people living in the fringes of the society is going up. Such disturbing circumstances become factors of the climate that adds to the feeling of dissatisfaction and leads to “social unrest” and “social outbursts.” For the time being, the society is silent, it utters murmurs and manifests single acts of protest. This kind of silence should in no way be an evidence that people have no wishes (which they may easily turn into unconditional demands) and that they do not pass judgements on the elite, establishment and institution as they deserve it. One of the ways to predict the directions and contents of the events to come within the global society is to analyse and interpret the “basic problem” – the main social problem. The continuity of stabilisation or destabilisation of the system of communal life depends on whether this problem is solve or not. Without solving the “basic problem” it is impossible to continue the hitherto social order with its elite governing and leading the masses. I claim that in Poland now the “basic problem” is unemployment. The reason for this is as follows: the scale of unemployment as a social phenomenon and the tendency for the people without work to grow, the increasing number of the percentage of unemployed intellectuals. The latter factor adds to the significance of the problem, for it reveals the truth that there are many people with diplomas – they testify to their knowledge and skills at the highest level – and yet there is no job for such people. The results of long-term unemployment is socially very harmful. I claim that the political elite 1) cannot turn the system of communal life into such a world in which a man with a university diploma is appreciated and respectively used in the system of the “division of social work”; 2) it wastes a large part of the mental capital of our society, a fact that has a negative effect on the state of culture. In the future (rather sooner than later) “structural unemployment” will result in a hotbed of anti-elite (alternative elite). Unemployed and revolted intellectuals find their place in it. In the circumstances of a progressive crisis that affects the system they may be useful as ideologists and leaders of the movement on behalf of a radical change of the political system. Part of them that do not work as “traditional intelligentsia” (technicians – specialists who have their jobs under various political elites and accept the status quo formula and style of their acting) become “critical intelligentsia” and “revolted intelligentsia.” These people eagerly and easily turn into the movement of “limited intelligentsia” on behalf of the change of the political system. They join the new “historical block,” i.e. the alliance of social forces acting on behalf of the replacement of the status quo by an alternative order with an alternative elite. In the case of Poland what comes into play here is the movement of behalf of the transformation of society with respect to economy and political system – the movement on behalf of the defence of national interests and aspirations, on behalf of keeping Poles in their identity that stems from Christian and Latin values. At the moment in Poland there is no intelligentsia as a form of ethos. It is worth reflecting whether this movement of national regeneration is capable of bringing about a new intelligentsia as an ethos-like vanguard of the reform that draws on tradition.
EN
The turn of the 20th and 21st centuries marks the beginning of high-throughput DNA sequencing methods, which, owing to increasing efficiency and gradual cost reduction, have led to the revolutionization of biomedical research. This article discusses the most popular next generation sequencing technologies and their practical application in forensic genetic analysis.
PL
Przełom XX i XXI wieku to początek wysokoprzepustowych metod sekwencjonowania DNA, które dzięki coraz większej skuteczności i stopniowej redukcji kosztów doprowadziły do zrewolucjonizowania badań w naukach biomedycznych. W niniejszym artykule omówiono najbardziej popularne technologie sekwencjonowania następnej generacji oraz ich praktyczne zastosowanie w analizach genetycznych w kryminalistyce.
EN
A scientific consortium led by the Central Forensic Laboratory of the Police has undertaken to develop a method for DNA analysis of the soil microbiome to be used in forensic investigations. The aim of the project entitled Soil Microbiome Analysis Forensic Tool – SMAFT (http://smaft.eu/), financed by the National Center for Research and Development (DOB-BIO10/03/01/2019), is to develop a new tool that enables the association of a trace in the form of a soil sample with a specific geographical location. The first part of the paper introduces the concept of the microbiome and presents the possibilities of using microbiome DNA analysis in forensic science. In the second part, the stages of the SMAFT project are described in detail, beginning from the collection of soil samples from different sites in Poland across all seasons and isolation of microbiome DNA through massively parallel sequencing (MPS) technology-based analysis of isolates and the development of a genetic test containing a set of metagenomic markers allowing for effective individualization of soil samples, up to the creation of an IT system enabling analysis and interpretation of the obtained results, which includes a database of soil microbiome DNA profiles from various locations in Poland.
PL
Konsorcjum naukowe pod przewodnictwem Centralnego Laboratorium Kryminalistycznego Policji podjęło się opracowania metody analizy DNA mikrobiomu gleby, która znajdzie zastosowanie w badaniach kryminalistycznych. Celem projektu o akronimie SMAFT (Soil Microbiome Analysis Forensic Tool, http://smaft.eu/), finansowanego przez Narodowe Centrum Badań i Rozwoju (DOB-BIO10/03/01/2019), jest stworzenie nowego narzędzia umożliwiającego powiązanie śladu w postaci próbki gleby z określoną lokalizacją geograficzną. W pierwszej części artykułu przybliżono pojęcie mikrobiomu oraz przedstawiono możliwości wykorzystania analiz DNA mikrobiomu w kryminalistyce. W jego drugiej części szczegółowo opisano etapy realizowanego projektu, począwszy od zbierania próbek gleby z różnych miejsc Polski w czterech porach roku i izolacji z nich DNA mikrobiomów, poprzez oparte na technologii MPS (ang. Massively Parallel Sequencing) sekwencjonowanie izolatów oraz opracowanie testu genetycznego zawierającego zestaw markerów metagenomicznych pozwalających na skuteczną indywidualizację próbek gleby, aż po stworzenie systemu informatycznego umożliwiającego analizę i interpretację otrzymanych wyników, który obejmuje bazę danych profili DNA mikrobiomów gleb pochodzących z różnych miejsc Polski.
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